Corps and he then assigned back to his family, say, $30 a month, would this $30 then be used in the locality to knock his mother off of the general assistance rolls, and if so, could this be prevented in the legislation?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. I don't think we could prevent it, because that is strictly under the local jurisdiction of either the county or the State or the city.

Under the aid to dependent children program, we have advised the States that in certain areas under, I think it is, title IV of the Social Security Act, that the States may adopt policies which permit the setting aside of the income of children for future identifiable needs of the child; for example, education training, purchase of equipment, and the like. But this is still within the discretion of the States.

You would have to get either the State legislatures or the county legislators or the city legislators to make that exception.

Mr. GILL. Here is the basic human problem that it seems to present. Mr. Secretary. If you are trying to encourage young people in these hard-core situations to get out and develop earning habits and to train under this program, you may find that some of the families who are in this situation will resist having their youngster go into the program because they will lose their entire base of support. This would damage the program that we are considering here, would it not?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. We can only protect them on the basis of the aid to dependent children through their local programs. We could not have jurisdiction over that, which is strictly State.

Mr. GILL. You think the present protection under ADC is sufficient in this regard?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. Well, we put the discretion, under the ADC under the title IV of the Social Security Act, within the State body. Mr. GILL. Well, there is nothing that requires it to remain there, is there? It is Federal money?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. No, under the 1962 legislation that was passed, that is completely at the discretion of the States. If you get into that area, once the Federal Government starts dictating to the States in their particular area, then you just open up the whole area. These are problems which are left with the States to determine for themselves.

I am in perfect agreement with your theory. For example, young men go out and sell newspapers and they probably make $10 or $11 a week, and I think that the young man ought to be able to keep it and save it for his education, but yet that is a deductible item in some of the State programs.

Mr. GILL. You don't think there is anything we can do in this bill to partially remedy that?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. We have, in the past, Congressman, encouraged the States to adopt this recommendation of ours, but we cannot compel them to do it.

Mr. GILL. You cannot compel them to under the current law, is that right?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. That is right.

Mr. GILL. One further question, Mr. Secretary, which was posed to others in past sessions here. I think we are faced with a practical problem here, particularly in regard to title I when it comes to the

State participation. I think the figures will show that at this time of year most of the State legislatures are meeting and yet they will adjourn in a matter of a few months and most of them will not meet again for 2 years. Some States have annual sessions, but a great majority, I believe, do not. This seems to imply that there may be some problem in getting a great many States to participate under title I where they have to appropriate money and get programs started which can be used with this bill.

Secretary CELEBREZZE. I think you are referring to title II as matching.

Mr. GILL. Both title I and II. In title I you have the problem of their matching the money for resource development programs. Now if the State legislature does not meet for 2 years, you may have a hiatus here which will go on for actually 3 years and mean the bill will have very little effect in those particular States. Is there anything we can do about that?

Secretary CELEBREZZE. That is one of the problems we face constantly on programs that we adopt, because as you say most State legislatures meet in the off year, and then they are gone for a year and a half. I presume if you got this bill passed in time, that maybe we could start a movement in getting it to the State legislatures that are in session this year and try to achieve it; otherwise, I don't know what else we could do on it.

Mr. GILL. Mr. Secretary, I don't think that is possible. I have no experience around here, but I gather from the fact that people complain about lack of movement, and then take off, that we will probably not get through with this bill for 3 or 4 months, and by that time most of the legislatures will be gone. I am going to recommend to my own State legislature that they provide some kind of standby program if this bill does pass.

Secretary CELEBREZZE. You can do it under that procedure. If you pass a bill that needs no matching for the first year or so, then, of course, you solve your problem.

Mr. GILL. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. PERKINS. Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary, for appearing here today. We appreciate your testimony, and your views have been very enlightening.

Secretary CELEBREEZE. Thank you very much.

Mr. PERKINS. We have with us Congressman Zablocki. Would you like to come forward and make a statement?

STATEMENT OF HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF WISCONSIN

Mr. ZABLOCKI. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

At the outset, I would like to commend the General Subcommittee on Education for giving its attention to legislation which has been endorsed by conservation groups, by private charitable organizations, by educators and distinguished private citizens throughout the Nation and, of course, by the President of the United States.

Mr. Chairman, you recall, I am sure, that I had appeared before your subcommittee last year in support of legislation establishing

a Youth Conservation Corps to aid our young men and women in attaining a productive and useful place in the life of this great Nation. It is with even greater enthusiasm that I support the legislation this year. Subsequent events and up-to-date statistics have confirmed my convictions that this measure is genuinely needed.

It is indeed a privilege and an honor to cosponsor with you, Mr. Chairman, this important piece of legislation.

I have little to add to the highly technical and expert information presented by our executive branch witnesses to this committee. I would like to present my statement and call to the attention of the committee the current situation in my own congressional district in the metropolitan area of Milwaukee. I wish to include two tables. Mr. PERKINS. That may be done without objection.

Mr. ZABLOCKI. I am particularly interested, Mr. Chairman, as you know, in title I, the first part of the bill, which would provide for a CCC type Youth Conservation Corps. I was not a member of the CCC's as I was just a bit too young to join. Many acquaintances of mine, however, attribute their successful careers to the experience and knowledge they gained in the CCC's.

One individual who was a supervisor in the CCC's went from there into Government service. He became one of our most outstanding scientists and explorers, and was particularly an expert on Antarctica. We have many people today who are leaders in the field of conservation and forestry who had their beginning with CCC.

It is my belief that a Youth Employment Opportunities Act will give our youth the chance to make significantly better use of their physical and mental abilities. These young people will be tomorrow's citizens. We owe it, therefore, to our country to fully utilize their potentialities.

Statistics from various sources, including Government agencies, demonstrate the seriousness of the problems faced by our junior citizens. We know that the situation of many young people today is far from ideal. Juvenile delinquency, high school dropouts, teenage crime, hoodlumism, "quickie" teenage marriages, unemployed and unemployable youths stagnating in idleness-all these problems are a very real part of the American scene.

The legislation under consideration would be a positive step at eradicating some of these problems through a two-pronged attack. First, it would establish a Youth Conservation Corps, recruiting otherwise jobless young men to aid in conversing and developing this country's natural resources. Second, it would create a Public Service Corps to use our young people who are capable of certain specialized work in various local, State and national public service projects.

Mr. Chairman, I would particularly like to direct attention to the first part of this legislation, the proposed Youth Conservation Corps. As you well know, the Corps is patterned on the CCC of the 1930's. The objective is to provide healthful outdoor training and employment for young men, while at the same time promoting conservation and the development of the natural resources of our Nation long neglected for lack of sufficient funds and manpower. This Youth Conservation Corps will, then, produce twofold benefits: to the youthful participants and to the Nation as a whole.

There are two principal reasons why this legislation deserves enact

ment.

First, the Corps would provide healthful employment and training opportunities to our youth. It would allow them to achieve a successful transition from the schoolroom to regular employment in private industry.

To expand on this point briefly, I would like to call attention to the high rate of unemployment among teenagers. In the greater metropolitan area of Milwaukee, the teenage unemployment rate among males is approximately 11 percent. This figure includes both those who are currently attending school at least part time, and those who have dropped out.

When we consider the situation among high school dropouts alone, the figures are even more alarming. In Milwaukee, for example, there were approximately 1,100 young men and women under 21 who were unemployed during January of this year. A significant number of these some 435-were high school dropouts.

Mr. Chairman, the figures I have just cited were obtained from the Wisconsin State Employment Service. Mr. Willett S. Main, district manager, in reply to my request has included two tables which I am sure would be of interest to the committee. With your permission, I would like to have Mr. Main's letter and the two tables made a part of the record at this point.

(The above-mentioned letter and tables follow :)

WISCONSIN STATE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE,
Milwaukee, Wis., February 11, 1963.

Hon. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.

DEAR CONGRESSMAN ZABLOCKI: In response to your letter of February 6, 1963, we have reviewed our resource information on the 14- to 17-year age group in the labor market.

As a matter of report requirement, youth have been variously defined as "under 25,” “under 20” and “under 22" at different times since the programs for youth services have been emphasized.

As a consequence, comparative information is difficult to come by and, more important, from the standpoint of your request, no actual enumeration has been made of the 14- to 17-year age group on a regular report cycle.

Notwithstanding the foregoing limitations we have reviewed the information available on reported age breaks and have made such intercalations and applied appropriate weights to arrive at estimates reflected on the attached sheet.

In our judgment these estimates are reasonable in terms of the extent of information available on youth groups.

You will note the employment among this age category is significantly of the "part time" type. While unemployment distinction in terms of "part time" or "full time" cannot be made, it may be assumed that a similar concentration would prevail. The fact that State laws require school attendance until 18 years together with the pattern of the job market strongly influences the "part time" character of the 14- to 17-age group in employment as well as unemployment ranks.

The period (November 1962) chosen is esentially one in which no strong seasonal forces are at play. The opposite would be true, particularly, in the period from June to September, when employment, as well as unemployment rolls, would be swelled by the emergence of a job market that lends more toward the utilization of this very young age group.

Occupational distinctions of the unemployed do not submit to any realistic division since fields of work and vocational aspirations of this group are not well defined and part-time employment interest is subject to many changes which are triggered by the availability of jobs in the marketplace.

The second table reflects the character of a broader age group of youth as related from a survey, in early 1962, of youth registered with this agency and actively seeking full-time work. While some time has elapsed, the labor market has not changed materially and the patterns reported can be considered as reasonably valid in today's market.

1 Active application on file with Wisconsin State Employment Service. 2" Limited" defined as minor or no experience; not qualifying as experienced in an occupation but seeking entry. "Tangible" defined as extended to the degree that experience is qualifying for performance. Characteristics of individuals, 14 to 17 years-Milwaukee metropolitan area,

Mr. ZABLOCKI. In contrast to the general nationwide unemployment rate of 5 to 6 percent, almost 16 percent of this country's out-of-school teenagers and young adults today are unemployed. In many areas, particularly large cities, the percentage has consistently been significantly higher. Moreover, unemployment has been on the increase among this age group.

According to Bureau of Census figures, the percentage of boys and girls between the ages of 14 to 17 attending high school was as follows: In the age group of 14 to 15 years, 98 percent were enrolled in high school.