SOME LANDMARKS IN AMERICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH 1721. Philadelphia Hospital founded. 1735. Medical Society in Boston founded. 1743. American Philosophical Society founded. 1762. First medical library in the United States (Pennsylvania Hospital). 1778. First American pharmacopoeia published in Philadelphia. 1780. Benjamin Rush describes dengue. 1809. McDowell performs ovariotomy. 1833. Beaumont experiments on digestion. 1837. Gerhard differentiates between typhus and typhoid fevers. 1842-46. Long and Morton introduced ether anesthesia. 1843. O. W. Holmes points out contagiousness of puerperal fever. 1849. Marion Sims operates for vesico-vaginal fistula. 1861. E. B. Wollcott first excises renal tumor. 1875. Weir Mitchell introduces rest cure. 1886. Fitz describes pathology of appendicitis. 1887. First research laboratory of Public Health Service, at Marine Hospital, Staten Island. 1893. Johns Hopkins Medical School opened. 1898. Theobald Smith differentiates bovine from human tubercle bacilli. 1899. Reed and Carroll establish transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes. 1901. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research established. 1902. McCormick Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases. 1903. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1904. Atwater invents respiration calorimeter. 1906. United States Food and Drug Act. 1908. Ricketts discovers rickettsiae, cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other diseases. 1911. Carrel investigates extravital culture (beginning of tissue culture). Cushing describes dyspituitarism. Peyton Rous transmits sarcoma by means of a filtrable virus. 1912-1916. Cannon investigates effects of adrenal secretions on emotions. 1920. Goldberger demonstrates dietary deficiency cause of pellagra. 1922. Spencer develops Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine. 1926. Minot and Murphy introduce raw liver diet for pernicious anemia. 1937. Congress authorizes National Cancer Institute, first of the National Institutes of Health, at Bethesda, Md. 1938. Caries-inhibiting effect of flourides in drinking water of children demonstrated. 1939. Gross performs first heart operation for repair of congenital defect. 1940. Link discovers the anticoagulant, dicumarol. Waxman develops streptomycin. 1941. Hormones introduced for treatment of cancer. 1942-1952. Development of synthetic antimalarials. Introduction of DDT in malaria control. Fractionation of blood. Introduction of radioisotopes in tracer studies of metabolism. 1948. Steroids introduced for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 1953. Study of molecular diseases. 1954. Polio vaccine. 1957. Public Health Service (NIH) fellowships extended to scientists of foreign countries. |