(c) Educational assistance for war orphans.-H. R. 9842 (Public Law 634) introduced by Representative Olin E. Teague, of Texas, was approved June 29, 1956. It established an educational-assistance program for children of servicemen who died as a result of disability or disease incurred in line of duty during World War I, World War II, or the Korean conflict.

Eligible persons may receive educational assistance for not more. than 36 months, generally beginning on the 18th birthday or on the successful completion of secondary schooling, whichever occurs first, and terminating on the 23d birthday.

The educational assistance allowance to an eligible person pursuing institutional courses is $110 a month if courses are full time, $80 a month if three-fourths time, and $50 a month if half time. The allowance is payable directly to the student.

The act also provides for special restorative training to overcome or lessen the effects of a manifest physical or mental disability which would handicap an eligible person in the pursuit of an educational program.

In hearings on this legislation it was brought out that about 156,000 persons are eligible for its benefits. The Veterans' Administration has estimated that the net direct benefit cost over the life of the program will be about $222 million.

(d) Flight instruction during ROTC programs.-H. R. 5738 (Public Law 879), introduced by Representative Carl T. Durham, of North Carolina, and approved August 1, 1956, authorizes flight instruction to ROTC cadets and extends to them certain benefits given to other members of the Armed Forces.

This act provides for the negotiation of new contracts by the Secretary of the Army, Navy, or Air Force with educational institutions.

(e) Merchant Marine Academy.-H. R. 6043 (Public Law 415), introduced by Representative Herbert C. Bonner, of North Carolina, was approved February 20, 1956. It directs the Secretary of Commerce to maintain a Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, N. Y., for instruction and preparation for service in the merchant marine of persons nominated to the Academy by Senators and Representatives. The number of vacancies allocated to each State shall be proportioned to the representation in Congress from that State.

Cadets appointed to the Merchant Marine Academy may be commissioned as ensigns in the Naval Reserve upon graduation. They shall receive the same pay and allowances as midshipmen at the Naval Academy.

(f) Establishment of a National Library of Medicine.-S. 3430 (Public Law 941), introduced by Senators Lister Hill, of Alabama, and John F. Kennedy, of Massachusetts, was approved August 3, 1956. It established in the Public Health Service a National Library of Medicine.

The purpose of the Library is

to assist the advancement of medical and related services, and to aid the dissemination and exchange of scientific and other information important to the progress of medicine and to the public health. ***

(g) Facilities for research in health sciences.-S. 849 (Public Law 835), introduced by Senator Lister Hill, of Alabama, and Styles Bridges, of New Hampshire, was approved on July 30, 1956. It

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amended the Public Health Service Act so as to provide for grantsin-aid to non-Federal public and nonprofit institutions for the construction and equipping of facilities for research in the sciences related to health.

The act contains a declaration of policy reading in part as follows:

The Congress hereby finds and declares that (1) the Nation's economy, welfare, and security are adversely affected by many crippling and killing diseases the prevention and control of which require a substantial increase, in all areas of the Nation, of research activities in the sciences related to health, and (2) funds for the construction of new and improved non-Federal facilities to house such activities are inadequate.

This act may be expected to aid the advanced training of professional personnel in the sciences related to health.

(h) Assistance to federally affected schools.-H. R. 7245 (Public Law 382) introduced by Representative Roy W. Wier of Minnesota was approved on August 12, 1955. It contained the program (established under Public Law 874, 81st Cong.) of financial assistance to local educational agencies from 1956 to 1957. It provided for transfer to local educational agencies of temporary school facilities made available under Public Law 815, 81st Congress, and effected changes in other provisions of that act.

II. R. 11695 (Public Law 949) introduced by Representative Carl D. Perkins, was approved on August 3, 1956. It extends until June 30, 1958, the programs of financial assistance in the construction and operation of schools in areas affected by Federal activities under the provisions of Public Laws 815 and 874, 81st Congress, and makes a number of amendments to this legislation.

(i) Development of rural library services.-H. R. 2840 (Public Law 597) introduced by Representative Edith Green of Oregon, was approved on June 19, 1956. It provides Federal aid to the States for the further development of public library services in rural areas. For this purpose it authorizes an appropriation of $7,500,000 annually for 5 years.

(j) Relationship of these laws to manpower development.-It has been pointed out that the relationship of some of these last-mentioned laws to the problem of professional manpower development may be indirect or slight in comparison with some of the laws reviewed earlier in this report. However, the important long-range effects upon professional manpower development which are attributable to these Federal programs in the field of education should not be overlooked. The potential effects seem too apparent to require detailed discussion here.

9. Appropriations, fiscal 1957

Fiscal 1957 appropriations directly or indirectly related to or potentially affecting the development of scientific, engineering, and professional manpower include the following:

(a) For salaries and expenses of the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Congress appropriated $5,270,000. This is an increase of $2,030,000 over the appropriation for fiscal 1956. President Eisenhower had requested an appropriation of $6,250,000.

The 1957 appropriation includes $501,250 for increase in educational services and $315,845 for increase in research and statistical services.

(b) The fiscal 1957 appropriation for the "further endowment" of the land-grant colleges and universities is $2,501,500-the same as requested in the President's budget for fiscal 1957. The permanent appropriation of $2,550,000 for these institutions brings the total to $5,051,000 for fiscal 1957.

(c) The appropriation for agricultural experiment stations amounts to $29,503,708, the amount of the budget request.

(d) The appropriation for Agricultural Extension Service (payments to States) is $49,865,000. The budget request was for $50,115,000.

(e) For vocational education below college grade (George-Barden funds) the Congress appropriated $31,442,000. The budget request was for $28,500,000 or $2,942,000 less than the appropriation, which includes funds for the newly authorized grants to States for training in practical nursing (Public Law 911, 84th Cong.).

There was no appropriation for the vocational fishery education program under Public Law 1027, passed near the close of the second session of the 84th Congress.

(f) The appropriation for the work of the President's Committee on Education Beyond the High School for fiscal 1957 is $150,000. The Congress adjourned before appropriating funds to encourage and assist the establishment of the State committees, as authorized by Public Law 813 approved July 26, 1956. (President Eisenhower had requested $300,000 for the expenses of the Committee and $800,000 for the grants to the States.)

(g) For traineeships for advanced training of physicians, nurses, and other public health personnel, under title I of Public Law 911, 84th Congress, the appropriation to the Public Health Services for fiscal 1957 is $1,040,000. For advanced training for professional nurses under title II of that act the appropriation to the Public Health Service is $2,050,000. For the training of practical nurses under title III of that act the appropriation Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is $2 million.

(h) The appropriations for aid to schools in federally affected areas during fiscal 1957 are as follows: For construction $108,500,000, the same as the budget request; for maintenance and operation $113,050,000-$34,050,000 more than the budget request.

(i) For library service grants the 84th Congress appropriated $2,050,000. A supplemental estimate of the Department of İlealth, Education, and Welfare was for $7,500,000-the amount authorized. by Public Law 597, approved June 19, 1956. The House and Senate conferees on the appropriation indicated that in their judgment the $2,050,000 would be sufficient to initiate the program, allowing each State to receive its basic $40,000 allotment.

(j) The appropriation for international educational exchange programs of the Department of State is $20 million-the same as the budget request. Some of the international educational exchange programs are administered by delegation and transfer of funds to the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (k) The fiscal 1957 appropriation to Howard University in Washington, D. C., is $3,300,000-an increase of $209,600 over the appropriation for fiscal 1956.

(7) Of major importance to the development of scientific manpower is the appropriation to the National Science Foundation of $40

million for fiscal 1957. This represents an increase of $24 million over the appropriation for fiscal 1956.

Not less than $9,500,000 of the appropriation to the National Science Foundation is available for tuition, grants, and allowances in connection with a new program of supplementary training for high school science and mathematics teachers.

(m) The appropriation for Veterans' Education, Training, and Vocational Rehabilitation during fiscal 1957 is $733,510,000.3

(n) Other Federal funds affecting manpower development.While noteworthy for the purpose of this report, these appropriations do not account for all Federal funds available for programs and activities affecting the immediate or long-range development of professional manpower in the United States. Outstanding exceptions are certain programs of the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Segregation of all Federal funds available wholly or in part for purposes relating to the development of professional personnel in the fiscal year 1957 would be expensive in terms of man-hour expenditure.

Extensive data on Federal Funds for Education, 1954-55 and 195556 are contained in a bulletin bearing that title published late in 1956 by the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (160 pp.).

C. BILLS INTRODUCED BUT NOT ENACTED

During both sessions of the 84th Congress a number of its Members introduced bills which, if reintroduced in the 85th Congress and enacted, would directly or indirectly affect the development of scientific, engineering and/or other professional manpower. This report points out, in layman's language, some of the characteristics of a representative number of these widely varying proposals, and occasionally draws comparisons among them.

Generally a bill was here chosen as representative on the basis of its being the first one of its type which was introduced in the 84th Congress. In many instances bills identical with or very similar to ones here identified were introduced by other Members. The present purpose is to acquaint the reader with the principal features of the various proposals introduced-thus providing an aid to the preparation or consideration of such bills which might be introduced in the 85th Congress.

Many of the 1955 and 1956 proposals have been reintroduced in 1957, in substance if not verbatim. However, the enactment of certain laws by the 84th Congress will, of course, reduce the likelihood of the reintroduction into the new Congress of similar or closely related proposals which were not enacted. Such proposals are therefore generally disregarded in this report.

Many of the bills included herein do not specifically mention the training of scientists, engineers, and/or other professional manpower. These bills would, however, generally promote (and frequently would in effect emphasize) such training along with education in other fields.

Some of the bills represent a direct and others an indirect or incidental approach to the problem of reducing the shortage of scientific,

Public Law 623, 84th Cong., and Budget of the United States for the fiscal year 1957.

engineering, and other professional personnel. Both types of approach have prominent proponents.

For the purpose of this discussion the bills have been grouped in several categories indicative of their basic differences with respect to purpose, philosophy, approach to the problem or other considerations. The groupings are not mutually exclusive.

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1. Grants for needy students of ability (allowing choice of institution and course of study)

(a) The Student Aid Act of 1955 was introduced as H. R. 2211 by Representative Frank Thompson, Jr., of New Jersey and as H. R. 5422 by Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama. This bill proposed to authorize the appropriation of Federal funds for the purpose of providing scholarship stipends for young persons of demonstrated ability and need, to assist them to attend institutions of higher edu

cation.

The scholarships would be worth up to $800 a year each. They would be distributed on the basis of State quotas. Half of the total number of scholarships would be allotted according to each State's share of the Nation's population graduating from high school. The other half of the scholarships would be allotted according to each State's share of the Nation's population between the ages 19 to 21.

The appropriations would begin with $32 million a year and increase by $32 million a year until the authorization would be $128 million.

In each State a scholarship recipient would be required to (1) have a certificate of graduation from a high school of that State, or if graduated from an out-of-State high school, have the course of studies recognized as adequate by his own State, (2) not be eligible for veterans' educational benefits, (3) apply in accordance with State rules, and (4) not have had any Federal scholarship under this or any other act vacated except for good cause.

The United States Commissioner of Education would prescribe objective tests and other measures of the ability of candidates for scholarships. From among those who would qualify under these tests, in each State a commission would select the winners.

The State commission would adjust the stipend to the student's financial need. If continuing in good standing at the institution attended the student would receive the stipend for the duration of his full-time pursuit of a course of study, but not in excess of 4 academic

years.

A scholarship winner would be permitted to attend any recognized college or university of his choice. He could choose his field of study from among those approved by the State commission. In time of national emergency, however, not less than 60 percent of the scholarships would be awarded for study in fields determined, in a manner prescribed by the President, to be related to national defense. (Presumably these fields of emphasis would include engineering and other branches of science.) This percentage would be uniformly distributed among the States. In such times the State commission would designate the fields of study for which scholarships charged against the State percentage would be granted. The remaining percentage of scholarship recipients would be free to choose their fields of study.

Primarily scholarship bills; several with loan provisions also.