libraries project is concerned with an experimental distribution and evaluation of student use of science books in small high schools. 3. National Manpower Council Appointed by President Eisenhower when he was president of Columbia University, the National Manpower Council is financed by the Ford Foundation. It is composed of 15 leaders of business, management, labor, agriculture, science, and education. The objec tives are to evaluate manpower problems of crucial concern to the United States in this enduring emergency and to recommend constructive policies for their solution. The Council has issued a statement on manpower problems and policies (1951), and has published five books dealing with manpower. At the time of this writing it is engaged in studies of womanpower, and governmental manpower problems and policies. 4. American Society for Engineering Education This society was organized in 1893. Its purpose is the advancement of education in all of its functions pertaining to engineering and allied branches of science and technology.10 The society appointed its manpower committee in December 1946. For the first 3 years the committee was concerned with the possibility of a surplus of engineers. Since then the committee has been continuously concerned with the prospect of a long-continuing shortage of engineers. The functions of the committee include (a) collection and interpretation of information (for the American Society for Engineering Education and for engineering schools) concerning the current and future supply of and demand for engineering graduates, (b) promotion of activities within the engineering schools designed to insure an adequate number of well-qualified graduates. The committee is engaged in comprehensive study of ways and means of improving the quality and effectiveness of engineering graduatesa net result comparable to an increase in the number of engineers. 5. Engineers Joint Council This is a nonprofit organization formed in 1941 by leading national engineering societies, representing basic branches of the profession. The council represents about a dozen constituent national engineering societies. One of the several announced objectives of the council is to advance the science and profession of engineering. The council has a special surveys committee. Its function is to attempt to survey the supply and demand figures each year for engineering graduates and to make periodic surveys concerning the economic status of the engineers. 6. Engineering Manpower Commission This commission was established by the engineers joint council in September 1950. The commission is supported by private subscription. One of its objectives closely related to the subject of the present study is that of giving aid in maintaining the supply of adequately trained engineers through guidance work in high schools and improvement of the quality of engineering education in the colleges. 10 Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada. Sixth edition, Some of the activities of the commission are: (1) conduct of a vigorous campaign toward stemming the tide of decreasing enrollment in engineering colleges, (2) publication of a series of newsletters to keep industrialists informed concerning the critical shortage of engineers, (3) conduct of a campaign to interest companies in pointing out in their advertising the existing opportunities for qualified persons in the engineering profession. 7. Scientific Manpower Commission This commission, created in the spring of 1953, is supported by 10 major professional groups. Its objectives relating to scientific manpower development include (a) cooperating with sponsoring and educational associations and with industry in furnishing career guidance counselors, (b) organizing and participating in conferences and other activities concerned with the problem of recruiting, training, and utilizing scientific personnel. The commission cooperates closely with the Engineering Manpower Commission. The two commissions carry on some joint activities. 8. American Chemical Society This society was organized in 1876, and incorporated under Federal charter in 1937. It is composed of more than 77,000 chemists and chemical engineers. Its board of directors, division of chemical education, its council, and its 149 geographic sections all have a part in the society's manpower and education programs. The board of directors has a committee on education and students, which deals with the training of personnel for the chemical profession. The division of chemical education publishes a journal, sponsors teacher institutes and conferences, administers a testing program, and otherwise promotes projects relating to education. The council of the society has a committee on chemical education which directs the vocational guidance and student affiliate programs of the society. 9. Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. This association, established in 1872, is the world's oldest chemical trade organization. It represents "more than 90 percent of the productive capacity of the United States chemical industry." In July 1956, the association launched a nationwide, 5-year education program to encourage more of America's youth to follow careers in science with emphasis on chemistry. The program will cost an estimated $1 million, and will affect all levels of education.11 The science education program has three objectives: (a) To inspire qualified students to follow science as a career; (b) to assist educators through the development of science-teaching aids and "curriculum enrichment" materials; (c) to aid and encourage science teachers and education administrators toward the goal of increasing their numbers, their effectiveness, and their prestige. 10. National Education Association of the United States This is a voluntary association of about 660,000 teachers and school administrators. It includes among its affiliates the State and ter Information obtained from the Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. ritorial education associations having a combined membership of about 1,139,000 teachers.12 The NEA has taken the lead in studies of teacher supply and demand and in efforts to upgrade requirements for teaching certificates and to develop a nationwide program for balancing teacher supply and demand. The National Commission on Teacher Education and Professional Standards of the NEA has issued publications dealing with such matters as developing programs to attract students into teacher education, and the implications of personnel policies in industry for education. 11. Future Scientists of America Foundation This foundation was established in 1952 as an activity of the National Science Teachers Association. It operates under an administrative committee broadly representative of the physical sciences, engineering, biological sciences, high school and college teaching, and science teacher education. The program of the foundation is aimed at increasing the numbers of able students coming out of high schools with an interest in science and adequate preparation to enable them to pursue this interest successfully in colleges and technical institutes. The foundation is providing basic services toward coordinating the efforts of scientists, science teachers, industrial organization leaders, and others interested in attracting capable youth into technical and professional careers. 12. American Medical Association The AMA was organized in 1847. It now has about 147,000 members. Its purpose is to promote the science and art of medicine and the betterment of public health.13 AMA activities toward insuring an adequate supply of well-trained physicians for the future in the United States include (a) inspection and approval of medical schools, (b) active encouragement of expansion of medical schools and facilities and development of new medical schools in certain areas, (c) advocacy of postgraduate education and refresher courses for physicians, (d) publication of materials to aid health personnel to increase their professional knowledge and competency. 13. Association of American Medical Colleges This association was founded in 1876 with the basic objective of advancing medical education. Among its contributions to the development of scientific manpower (in the field of medicine) are (a) annual compilation and publication of the admission requirements of our medical schools, (b) maintenance of a personnel exchange service for medical college teachers and schools, (c) periodical compilation and distribution of a list of fellowships, funds and prizes available for graduate medical work in the United States and Canada. 14. Other organizations On October 15, 1956, the American Association for the Advancement of Science issued a report concerning the activities of a number 12 Information obtained from the National Education Association. 13 Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada. Sixth edition, of private and governmental organizations in the teaching and recruitment of scientists and teachers of science, including mathematics. A list of nongovernmental organizations whose activities of this nature are described in the report follows: 14 (1) American Association for the Advancement of Science; (2) American Association of Physics Teachers; (3) American Chemical Society; (4) American Institute of Biological Sciences; (5) American Physiological Society; (6) Committee on Regional Development of Mathematics; (7) Council for Basic Information; (8) Engineers Joint Council; (9) Joint Board on Science Education; (10) Manufacturing Chemists Association; (11) Mathematical Association of America; (12) National Association for Research in Science Teaching; (13) National Association of Secondary School Principals; (14) National Council of Teachers of Mathematics; (15) National Science Teachers Association; (16) Scientific Manpower Commission; (17) United States Chamber of Commerce. J. PROPOSED ACTIVITIES FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL In a recent article, Mr. L. P. Whorton, director of production research, Atlantic Refining Co., discussed what industrial concerns, technical societies, and the colleges should do for the production of more and better technical personnel. Some of the ideas advanced by Mr. Whorton with respect to organizational activities are: 15 The primary need is for quality, not quantity. Colleges should weed out inferior prospects to make room for those able to meet today's exacting demands. There is need for better high-school preparation for college work in technical subjects, and for better counseling to interest secondaryschool students in scientific careers. Technical societies can provide much of the additional counseling needed. With financial aid from industrial concerns, colleges can help by offering summer sessions for high-school science teachers. Industrial organizations should: (1) encourage their technical personnel to participate in community activities aimed at helping the local high-school teachers and pupils such as counseling, promoting the attractiveness of teaching as a career, and helping to provide stimulating instruction in science; (2) encourage their technical personnel to participate in the activities of scientific societies; (3) employ high-school teachers for summer work in technical surroundings; (4) increase their support to higher education through grantsin-aid to institutions, and financing scholarships and fellowships; (5) maintain a proper difference in pay between professional and nonprofessional personnel. 14 American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 15, 1956. Compiled by I. E. Wallen, 50 pp. 15 Whorton, L. P. More-and Better-Engineers Needed. Jan. 30, 1956, pp. 120-121. Interagency News Letter, The Oil and Gas Journal, CHAPTER XI RELEVANT LAWS AND PROPOSALS, 84TH CONGRESS A. INTRODUCTION AND ANALYTIC SUMMARY The scope and variety of considerations given to education in the 84th Congress have reflected a growing national concern with problems in this field. A review of the wide range of relevant bills enacted, proposals introduced, discussion in committee hearings, statements in reports from committees, formal speeches, casual remarks on the floor, and insertion of articles and excerpts in the Congressional Record supports this conclusion. A study of all this material reveals a recurrent congressional recognition of the Nation's need for the development of scientific, engineering, and other professional manpower. The 84th Congress enacted a number of laws which may affect the development of such manpower. Laws enacted by the 84th Congress bearing on this subject are concerned with (a) Federal encouragement of nationwide discussion of all the problems of education beyond the high school; (b) Federal promotion of the training of professional personnel in the fields of public health, commercial fishing, and water pollution; (c) provision of equipment for institutions providing training in specified scientific fields; (d) extension of veterans' educational benefits, which largely include professional training; (e) expansion of the college housing loan program; and (f) other matters. In addition, enactments such as those providing for flight instruction during ROTC programs, raising the status of the Merchant Marine Academy, and establishing a National Library of Medicine, importantly relate to the development of professional manpower in the affected fields. Outstanding among fiscal 1957 appropriations directly or indirectly affecting this problem or some phase of it are the following: Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, salaries and expenses... Land-grant colleges and universities.. Veterans' education and rehabilitation.... $5, 270, 000 5,051, 000 31, 442, 000 40, 000, 000 733, 510, 000 A number of other appropriations bearing on the immediate or long-range development of professional manpower are mentioned in this chapter. Relevant bills introduced in the 84th Congress, but not enacted, vary widely in the nature of their relationships to the subject of this study. Such bills contain proposals for (a) a broad program of national scholarships, (b) Federal scholarships in specified fields, (c) Federal loans to students, (d) Federal funds for facili |