Fellowships and graduate schools: $150,000 for 2-year graduate fellowships in 20 tax-supported and non-tax-supported institutions in the United States. Institution selects student. Cost of education supplements included; additional cash benefits to married students.

Other grants: To American Association of Colleges and Reference Libraries, St. Louis University Library, American College Fund, American Alumni Council, Commission on Colleges and Industry.

7. Shell Companies Foundation, Inc. and Shell Oil Co.

Total grants for 1955-56: $450,000.

Direct grants: $50,000 (unrestricted), 20 grants of $2,500 each, to 15 non-tax-supported institutions; $9,000 (unrestricted), 18 grants of $500 each, to 14 non-tax-supported colleges and universities; grants supplemental to 18 regular year fellowships.

Grants through associations: $21,000 (capital funds and operating expenses) to the member colleges of the United Negro College Fund, Inc.; $12,500 (unrestricted) to the member medical schools of the National Fund for Medical Education.

Grants to graduate schools: $100,000, 20 grants to 15 departments of non-tax-supported institutions, for use in expanding fundamental research in designated broad scientific fields to promote the acquisition of knowledge, grants are associated with 20 direct grants at same institutions; $12,800, 32 grants of $400 each, to departments of 23 tax-supporting colleges and universities, grants supplemental to fellowships; $9,000, 18 grants of $500 each, to departments of 14 non-tax-supported colleges and universities, grants supplemental to fellowships.

Fellowships and special programs: $94,200, 50 fellowships at 37 tax-supported and non-tax-supported institutions, fellow stipend of $1,500 plus payment of tuition and fees; $100,000, 60 full summer term merit fellowships for special seminars at Cornell and Stanford for outstanding high-school science and mathematics teachers. To teachers; tuition and fees, room and board, travel allowances, plus $500 stipend to make up for loss of potential summer earnings; to institution, cost of conducting seminar. Other grants: $41,500, special grants to National Science Teachers Association, the council for the Advancement of Secondary Education, Institute of International Education, and others. 8. The B. F. Goodrich Co.

Total grants for 1956-57: $300,000.

Gift-matching program: The company will match gifts up to $500 made by any employee with 1 or more years of service to any college or university, regardless of the extent of his education or his school affiliation.

Four-year scholarships: Maximum of seven per year through the National Merit Scholarship Foundation. Included cost-ofeducation grants to institutions attended by the scholars.

Tuition sharing: The company will pay 50 percent of the cost of any job-connected courses taken by employees. Included, costof-education supplement to the school amounting to 50 percent of tuition.

Research grants: The company will make a number of grants for research in designated areas of scientific study.

9. Owens-Illinois Glass Co.

Four-part program provides

(a) From 12 to 19 scholarships annually for 4 years at 12 universities (5 private, 7 tax-supported), each scholarship to be renewed annually during the recipient's undergraduate course. Choice of school determined by (1) location, (2) performance of alumni now in company's employ, (3) caliber and type of training offered, (4) desire for a balance between public and private institutions. Four-year value of scholarships ranges from $1,120 to $5,525.

(b) Summer jobs at O-I plants for O-I scholars, with opportunity to earn $600 per summer for 3 summers.

(c) Unrestricted grants to each university to match tuition payments made in behalf of each O-I scholar.

(d) Summer jobs for 43 mathematics or science teachers in high schools in or near O-I plant communities, with opportunity to earn $800. (This program supplements grants made to associations of independent colleges in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, West Virginia, and California.)

Projected costs (approximated):

Scholarships (7-year span)----.
Grants to universities____

Summer jobs for O-I scholars___.

Summer jobs for high-school teachers_

Total

10. Kaiser Steel Corp. and Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. Total grants for 1956-57: $115,000.

Grants to institutions:

$149, 000 110,000

137, 000

138,000

534, 000

Kaiser Steel Corp.: $25,000. Grants of not less than $1,000 each to various privately supported colleges and universities in California and Utah.

Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical: $46,000 (unrestricted). Grants of not less than $2,000 to various privately supported colleges and universities in the United States.

Gift-matching program: $10,000. Company will match gift of any employee to his alma mater, private or public. Limits: $1,000 per employee, $10,000 for 1956.

Special programs: Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical: $34,000, to both privately and publicly supported colleges in the United States in the form of restricted fellowships, teaching assistantships, and other operating grants.

11. Radio Corporation of America Total grants for 1955-56: $572,000.

Direct grants: $26,000 (unrestricted): Grants of $100 to $2,500 to institutions where company employees have enrolled in afterworking-hour courses; amount is determined by number of staff attending each institution; $256,500 for research projects, college building funds, and other special projects.

Grants through associations: $7,500 (operating expenses) to United Negro College Fund and National Fund for Medical Education.

Scholarship and other student aid: $26,400 for 33 scholarships to 27 designated and 4 undesignated colleges and universities (28 in the sciences, 3 in dramatic arts, 1 in music, and 1 in industrial relations); amount of each scholarship, $800 annually; $16,500 for cost-of-education supplements ($500 per scholarship) to privately endowed institutions (colleges and universities themselves select candidates, who are approved by the RCA education committee); $168,900 (tuition refund plan) paid out to employees for courses completed in 1955.

Fellowships and cost-of-education supplements: $15,000 ($750 cost-of-education supplement) paid to institution with each of 20 fellowships; $55,000 for 20 fellowships in science, engineering, dramatic arts, and business administration (10 assigned to specific institutions which make their own selections, and 10 for RCA employees selected by supervisors subject to approval by RCA educational committee; value of fellowship, $2,100 for living expenses plus full tuition).

F. TREND OF CORPORATE AID TO STUDENTS

A 2-year comparison of outlay for the support of scholarships and fellowships by 13 selected companies was reported in Chemical Week for May 1, 1954.*

The company outlays for scholarships and fellowships varied from $301,000 by Du Pont to $3,500 by American Potash in 1953-54, and from $295,000 by Du Pont to $1,000 by American Potash for 1954-55. The second highest outlay for 1954-55 was $90,500 by Allied Chemical and the second lowest for that year was $1,500 by Visking.

The data showed that in the 2-year period 8 of the 13 companies had slashed their educational allocations while 4 had boosted them. The balance reflected a net increase in outlay for 1954-55 over that for the previous academic year.

The study showed a "growing appreciation of the wisdom of aid at the undergraduate level." Manpower experts had expressed the feeling that plenty of money was already earmarked for graduate fellowships.

Reported new offerings by individual companies included (a) a new $15,000 program of 17 undergraduate scholarships provided by American Cynamid Co. to supplement its existing fellowships in chemistry and chemical engineering; (b) a new Du Pont allotment of $238,500 to be divided thus-$100,000 to 40 colleges to bolster their science departments; $25,500 in summer research grants for chemistry teachers; $73,000 for graduate teaching fellowships in chemistry; and $40,000 for high-school science and mathematics teachers to pursue master's degrees.

G. PROS AND CONS OF CORPORATION AID

In connection with the consideration of possible Federal action to promote professional-manpower development, some Members of Con

Trend Between the Lines. Chemical Week, May 1, 1954, p. 46.

gress may be interested in the pros and cons of corporation aid to higher education.

The principal arguments may be summarized as follows: 5 For

1. The need and desire to insure the continued flow of collegeeducated personnel into business and industry and the Nation at large.

2. Maintenance of the dual system of American higher education-gift supported and tax supported. (Higher education, like business enterprise, gains from competition. Private institutions have various advantages of independence. State universities in large part are helped to the maintenance of good standards by the welcome competition of the institutions independent of the State. If higher education were to become a function exclusively of the State, taxloads would be increased enormously. It is less expensive and better to keep the independent colleges and universities independent.)

3. Determination to maintain and strengthen the socioeconomic environment in which free enterprise may function most effectively. This requires diversity and competition in higher education also.

4. The practical value to a company, in terms of public relations values of good will and prestige, of gifts made in its role of "corporate citizen."

5. Promotion of the general welfare of State and Nation increasingly dependent on college-educated men and women. Against

1. Corporate funds belong in equity to stockholders, and it is a "violation of trust" to disperse corporate funds for any purpose which does not contribute to the "success" of the corporate enterprise.

2. There is still doubt especially among the banks, utilities, and insurance companies as to the legality of gifts to charitable causes which are not directly related to the business of the corporation. 3. Tax-supported education has served our country well in the elementary and secondary schools and at the college level.

4. Contributions to higher education may be embarrassing because choices (discrimination) are inevitable.

5. Large corporations, already "suspect" in the minds of some people, may be charged with undue influence on democratic education-with attempted extension of "control by big business."

H. A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM

On February 13, 1956, the National Science Teachers Association. announced having received the cooperation of 44 industrial concerns in a plan to promote the training of scientists and technicians. The firms had agreed to offer summer vacation employment opportunities to high-school science teachers, partly because the industrial execu

Council for Financial Aid to Education, Inc. Reference book, Corporation Aid to American Higher Education, 1955, pp. 1-1, 1-1a.

Schools and Industry Spearhead New Program To Recruit High School Students for Technical Careers. News from the National Education Association, February 13, 1955, 8 pages.

tives believed teachers to be in a strategic position to encourage young people to seek technical careers.

Teachers employed by industry during the summer months reported that they welcomed genuine, practical, and realistic identification with scientific enterprise.

A representative of one of the employing concerns stated the objective of the program thus:

The essential purpose of summer employment is to broaden the teacher's knowledge and appreciation of what is involved in becoming a useful, professional scientist, of what is expected and required of a qualified graduate chemist.

I. ACTIVITIES OF CERTAIN AGENCIES AND SOCIETIES

In August 1956, the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, published a circular on Engineering and Scientific Manpower. Included in the circular is information on the activities of some of the nongovernmental agencies and societies presently concerned with scientific manpower development.

Following is a digest of the information given on current nongovernmental organizational activities bearing on the subject of this study, with some additional information from other sources, indicated in footnotes.

1. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (a quasi-official agency)

The National Research Council was organized in 1916 by the National Academy of Sciences under the congressional charter of the Academy. The Council maintains an Office of Scientific Personnel, which has operated a number of fellowship programs and engaged in other activities promoting the development of scientific manpower.

Current activities of the office include (a) operation of a program concerned with bringing to the United States a number of European scientists at the doctorate level for research in American institutions of higher education, (b) conduct of research on selection techniques, (c) maintenance of a file on persons receiving doctorates from American colleges and universities, (d) cooperation with other groups concerned with manpower problems, (e) advisory and consultation services to Federal agencies.

2. American Association for the Advancement of Science

This association was founded in 1848 and incorporated in 1874. About 250 scientific organizations are officially associated or affiliated with it."

The association is carrying out two special projects concerned with engineering and scientific manpower. These are (a) a science teaching improvement program, for which the Carnegie Corp. has granted funds, and (b) a traveling libraries projet, for which the National Science Foundation has provided funds.

The science teaching improvement program promotes greater use of scientists in teacher preparation, and other objectives. The traveling

Armsby, Henry A. Engineering and Scientific Manpower. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Circular No. 483, August 1956.

United States Government Manual, 1956-57, p. 547.

Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada. Sixth edition, p. 26.