COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas, Chairman HENRY M. JACKSON, Washington KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska CHAPMAN REVERCOMB, West Virginia WALTER L. REYNOLDS, Chief Clerk and Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON REORGANIZATION HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, Minnesota, Chairman STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine Dift Livent 10.14.57 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL MAY 27, 1957. To the CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS: DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: I am transmitting herewith, on behalf of the Subcommittee on Reorganization, a report issued by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress and prepared under the direction of Dr. Charles A. Quattlebaum, entitled, "Development of Scientific, Engineering, and Other Professional Manpower-With Emphasis on the Role of the Federal Government." This report is being printed for the use of the Subcommitte on Military Applications, of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy; for the Subcommittee on Special Education, of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives; and for the Subcommittee on Reorganization of the Senate Committee on Government Operations. When the Legislative Reference Service undertook the preparation of this report, based on the interests of the members of the committees and other members of the Senate joining in requesting the compilation of the document, there was general public response indicating a large nationwide demand for the information proposed to be incorporated in such a report. These committees are, therefore, cooperating in its printing and distribution. A resolution authorizing the printing 7,000 additional copies for the use of the Committee on Government Operations has been approved by the Senate to supplement the distribution undertaken by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and the House Committee on Education and Labor. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, Chairman, Subcommittee on Reorganization Committee on Government Operations. FOREWORD This report was prepared in response to a request received from Senator Henry M. Jackson, chairman of the Subcommittee on Military Applications, of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, and subsequent requests received separately from Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, chairman of the Subcommittee on Reorganization, Committee on Government Operations, and Senators John Marshall Butler, Norris Cotton, and Charles E. Potter. Representative Carl Elliott, chairman of the Subcommittee on Special Education, of the Committee on Educational and Labor, also requested a comprehensive report on this subject. During the course of the study, which covered a period of months, a number of other Members of Congress have asked the Legislative Reference Service to furnish them information such as is contained herein. The purpose is to provide a broad, analytic, informational base for congressional determination of the future role of the Federal Government in the production of scientific, engineering, and other professional manpower-whether that role should be expanded, reduced, or continued without change. The report brings together, digests, and summarizes recent statistical studies and published opinions bearing on the subject. It reviews the historic role of the Federal, State, and local governments in education, particularly of professional personnel, emphasizing considerations of policy and precedent. It describes the present contributions made by Federal agencies and by national nongovernmental organizations toward professional manpower development. It reviews action taken by the 84th Congress affecting the problem, and summarizes the relevant proposals which were introduced in that Congress but were not enacted, and have been, or presumably may be, reintroduced in the 85th Congress. It reviews and summarizes noncongressional proposals to relieve the professional manpower short age. On the basis of this broad study, the report gives a critical analysis of the problem. The analysis sets forth important considerations and points out implications for legislation. The study was carried out and the report prepared by Charles A. Quattlebaum, principal specialist in education on the staff of the Legislative Reference Service. Merwin S. Phelps, Barbara Spencer Marx, and Herman A. Sieber gave research assistance, and Gertrude M. Campbell, secretarial assistance. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Lloyd E. Blauch, Assistant Commissioner for Higher Education, and Dr. Henry H. Armsby, Chief of Engineering Education, United States Office of Education, to Dr. Howard A. Meyerhoff, Executive Director, Scientific Manpower Commission, and to Dr. G. Kerry Smith, executive secretary of the Association for Higher Education, for their cooperation in critically reviewing the report. ERNEST S. GRIFFITII, Director, Legislative Reference Service. Chapter II. Considerations Entering Into the Problem.. B. Size of the general educational task- C. Comparison of United States-U. S. S. R. scientific training. D. Our shortage of scientists and engineers___ E. Reasons for shortage of scientists.. L. Contributions of nongovernmental organizations to manpower M. Prospect for removal of the shortages by existing forces.. B. Origin of policies--- D. Higher education... Chapter V. History of State and Local Administration of Education (with emphasis upon technical and professional training, and policy in finance and control) A. Introduction and summary. B. Basic policies- C. Elementary and secondary education... 1. Origin and development at the State level.. 2. Origin and development at the local level. 1. The State and higher education... Page 45 45 46 47 47 48 49 51 51 2. Local administration of higher education... 52 3. Intergovernmental relations... 53 PART III. DIGEST OF STATISTICS AND OPINIONS Chapter VI. Digest of Relevant Statistical Studies__ 55 A. Introduction and summary B. Engineering and scientific manpower... C. United States-U. S. S. R. scientific personnel.. D. Need for engineers and scientists__ E. Demand for engineering graduates.. F. Employment of scientists.... G. Trends in employment and training... 1. Growth of science and technology. 2. Employment and training data____ 3. Future educational trends....... 4. Trends in need for scientists and technicians. H. High school enrollments in science and mathematics_ I. Career choice by top students.... PART IV. CURRENT PROGRAMS AND PROPOSALS Chapter VIII. Current Federal Aid to Students for Professional Training 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 85 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 |