also investigated the coordinations of children grades 1 through 6 in fundamental skills. It was found that mean coordination measures from 6 to 12 years of age differ only slightly. Specific muscle groups can be strengthened between ages 6 and 12 through participation in a school physical education program. Gains are found to be greater when efforts are made to stress vigorous activity. 853 Neal Gross. "The Role of the Elementary, Junior High, and Senior High School Principals," Harvard University. This project was a large-scale research program called the national principalship study. The study examined such problems as (1) the determinants and effects of the professional leadership exhibited by principals as the executives of their schools, (2) the role performance and reactions to their work of men and women school administrators, (3) the role conflicts and their correlates to which principals are exposed, and (4) the determinants and effects of selected dimensions of the principals administrative performance. 1091 James B. MacDonald. "A Research-Oriented Elementary Education Student-Teaching Program," University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. This study sought to examine the extent to which effective decisionmaking can be strengthened in teachers through a special student-teaching experience that emphasizes an experimental, research-oriented approach to the problems of teaching. The evidence indicated a generally higher performance in the experimental group as compared with the performance of groups receiving more traditional training. Followup data showed that only the experimental group turned to their research experiences in solving problems during the first year of teaching. 1146 Allan Tucker. "Factors Related to Attrition Among Doctoral Students," This study attempted to determine why individuals who had been enrolled as doctoral students between September 1950 and December 1953 dropped out of school and did not complete the requirements for a Ph. D. degree. The findings revealed that the attrition rate was about 31 percent, which is not as great as it had been assumed to be. The data suggest that most of the dropouts did not complete the degree requirements mainly because they lacked sufficient motivation to do so. Although some dropouts stated that lack of adequate finances may have been one of several factors which contributed to their attrition, less than 20 percent indicated it was the main reason. The average annual income of dropouts is about $2,000 less than that of recipients of the doctorate. Of the dropouts, 60 percent earned less than $10,000 per year, while 60 percent of the Ph. D. recipients earned more than $10,000 per year. E-019 Desmond L. Cook. "The Applicability of PERT to Educational Research and Development Activities," Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. This project resulted in specific guidelines and procedures for applying planning and managing techniques to educational research activities. The Department of Defense has used the PERT management technique with their research and development projects for some time. Cook's adaption of this technique to educational research should be beneficial both in savings of Federal funds and in better executed projects. 1635 Gerald S. Lesser. "Mental Abilities of Children in Different Social and Cultural Groups," Harvard University. This study attempted to determine the effect which social class, ethnic background, and a combination of these two variables, had on four mental-ability test scores. The tests measured verbal, reasoning, numerical, and space abilities. The subjects were 320 first grade children from Jewish, Negro, Chinese, and Puerto Rican families. Each cultural group contained 40 middle class and 40 lower class children. The results suggest that social class has a "highly significant" effect on the level of ability but a nonsignificant effect on the pattern of abilities, as measured by the four tests. Ethnic background has a "highly significant" effect on both the level and pattern of ability. And, finally, social class and ethnic background in combination have only a "significant" effect on level of ability and a "nonsignificant" effect on pattern of ability. 60-627-66-pt. 2-32 1636 Wilbur B. Brookover. "Improving Academic Achievement Through Students' Self-Concept Enhancement," Michigan State University. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three treatments designed to improve the self-concept of junior high school students in an attempt to raise their achievement levels. One treatment consisted of the experimenter's working with the parents in an attempt to help them better understand their children, and thus exercise a positive effect on the children's self-concept. In the second treatment, a counselor worked directly with the student. The third treatment involved an expert from the university who attempted to help the child overcome his low evaluations of others. The parent treatment succeeded in inducing positive changes in self-concept and academic ability, while the other two treatments did not. The students are now being followed through high school to determine possible long term effects of each treatment. 1828 Ralph O. Smith and others. "Community Support of Public Schools," Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Mich. These investigators concluded that the level of support for schools is dependent upon the kinds of people who live in the community. If you were to develop a continuum of supportiveness, you would find that people who have attended college, who have children of school age, who are active in formal organizations, are quite active and supportive at the polls. At the other end of the continuum, those persons who are least supportive at the polls for educational costs are those who have not attended college and who have no children under the age of 18. 2394 L. N. Nicholas, E. Virgo, and W. W. Wattenberg. "Effects of Socioeconomic Setting and Organizational Climate on Problems Brought to Elementary School Offices," Wayne State University. These investigators found that the kind of challenges which confront the principal in the low socioeconomic versus the high socioeconomic settings are quite different. In the low socioeconomic setting the principal's office is so inundated with urgency problems that there is seldom time for planning. Certainly one implication of this study is the fact that a different and more elaborate staffing pattern is required in the low socioeconomic schools. 2418 Paul A. Hunsicker and Guy G. Reiff. "A Study and Comparison of Youth Fitness 1958-65,” University of Michigan. This project was designed to make a comparative study of youth fitness today with that of pupils attending school during 1957-58. The youth fitness test as developed by the Research Council of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation was selected as the instrument for comparison. This particular test is the only physical fitness test which has been administered to a carefully selected nationwide sample of boys and girls. As such, the test results represented the best available data in the field. The study showed that the physical fitness level of public school children, grades 5-12, in 1965 was above that in 1958. 2610 Charles G. Hurst. "Psychological Correlates of Dialectolalia," Howard University. This study was concerned with developing more effective procedures for improving the speech patterns of Negro college students. Dialectolalia, sometimes referred to as substandard speech and Negro dialect, is a speech condition which interferes with effective communication, frequently results in an underestimation of an individual's ability, and sometimes leads to maladjustment. The condition has been very resistant to standard remedial speech procedures. The results of the study revealed that students identified as poor speakers differed from the good speakers on the basis of a wide array of psychological factors, such as emotional tolerance level, anxiety level, attitudes, and group conformity and identification. Attempts must now be made to determine the specific effects of the various correlates of, or factors associated with dialectolalia, and then to devise effective procedures of correcting and preventing their deleterious effects. 2709 Arthur W. Heilman. “Effects of an Intensive In-service Program on Teacher's Classroom Behavior and Pupil's Reading Achievement," Pennsylvania State University. This project was designed to study the effects of an intensive in-service program on (1) teacher's classroom behavior and (2) the reading achievement of pupils taught by participating teachers. The study found that, given a proper climate for learning and sharing ideas, teachers will work cooperatively to upgrade the effectiveness of their teaching and the level of teaching in the community. Teachers involved in the study demonstrated a surprisingly large array of teaching techniques and classroom learning activities which were new to their teaching colleagues in the same community. 5-0575 T. Edward Hollander. "Study of Fiscally Independent and Dependent School Systems in Metropolitan Areas," City University of New York, New York, N.Y. Preliminary data indicate that fiscally independent school districts' net expenditure exceeds that of dependent school districts. In the districts that were studied in 1962-63 dependent school districts expended $394 in local funds in comparison to $365 per pupil for the independent school district. This pattern has been consistent for the past decade. 5-0662 Alvin Grossman. "Data Processing for Pupil Personnel and Curricular Services," California State Department of Education, Sacramento. This project has resulted in the establishment of several regional data processing centers in the State of California. With the establishment of these centers it is not necessary for each local school district to have its own automatic data processing equipment. Currently, these operating centers (K-12) assist guidance and curriculum in research and statistics by registering students, reporting grades, recording attendance, scoring and recording test results, and storing and retrieving student cumulative records. On the basis of these pilot centers the California State Legislature has passed legislation which authorizes the establishment of regional data processing centers throughout the State. 5-0306 (E-031) E. F. Lindquist and others. "Educational Information System," State University of Iowa, Iowa City. This project at the secondary level resulted in a model statewide system for information concerning pupils and their achievement, professional staff and their characteristics, and other information such as property accounting and pertinent financial information. This model statewide system will be used as a management tool by the local schools and the State, as well as a data bank for future research. Information from the local school will be fed into the State data processing center, the data will be analyzed, and output information will be fed back to the local schools. 5-0346 David Gottlieb. “Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich., “Educational Goals of Negro and Caucasian Youth in Segregated and InterRacial Schools." Important factors in teacher-student relationships were examined. The findings were that the student must see that his goals are the same as those of his teacher and that the teacher must have both the ability and the desire to help him attain those goals. Negro high school students see a significantly greater discrepancy between their goals and those they believe are held by the teacher. Socioeconomically lower youth, especially Negro youth, are least likely to perceive the teacher as wanting to help them reach goals. These findings are significant for teacher preparation and in-service education, as well as for selection and placement of teachers within school districts. Mr. FOGARTY. Do you have any special training programs for teachers in mathematics and physics? Mr. Howe. This would not be a research activity in our shop. Mr. GIDEONSE. May I speak to that a minute? Mr. FOGARTY. Sure. LABORATORY PROGRAM Mr. GIDEONSE. The laboratory program is the largest and perhaps the most attractive and dramatic new development. It will set up a series, number of institutions scattered throughout the Nation, to engage in many different activities in research, demonstrations, surveys, and dissemination of research-related knowledge. Insofar as new techniques or new materials are developed through research, it would be an appropriate function for these laboratories to engage in many activities in dissemination, one of which might be teacher training. In other words, it would be possible for laboratories to hold and conduct institute-type programs, provided that the substance and content of those programs were based on research completed, either in the laboratories or wherever it happened to be done. So that, although we cannot point to anything at this point in time, presumably next year when we come back we should be able to say something to that question. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM Mr. FOGARTY. For "Educational research," special foreign currency program, your appropriation for 1966 was $1 million and the request for 1967 is $1,800,000. Would you give us a few examples of worthwhile research that has been done with these funds? Mr. BRIGHT. I think one of the very interesting ones was an institute in Israel for teaching or giving instruction to the teachers in that country in the teaching of English so that there was a large program at the Hebrew University where they brought in actual elementary and secondary teachers from all over Israel to attend a course in instructing these teachers in how to effectively teach English as a second language to the Hebrews. This type of thing is now being duplicated in several additional efforts that we anticipate in supporting this following year; particularly in India, a very similar project is being initiated. Other types of projects here also are concerned with the study of the educational systems in other countries, studies of the educational changes and innovations in the Western European nations, for example, so that we can keep aware of what they are doing and provide them as they might benefit, but more primarily, this type of fund is spent for the study of the educational problems in the developing nations so that we can get a better appreciation of how education does indeed affect the development of a society and how the funds can be more effectively spent. There are some projects related to this, not from this particular fund, but ones which I think give us insight into how to better spend these funds, such as the study of the development of Mexico from an undeveloped country to one of the most progressive southern countries on the continent. This is a study to see how the educational system of Mexico has influenced this development so that we might apply what we learn there to countries in which we have such funds available. (The following additional examples were submitted for the record :) Project No.-OE-4-21-010. PUBLIC LAW 480 Contractor.-Henrietta Szold Foundation for Child and Youth Welfare, Jerusalem. Title. "The Identification of Intelligent and Creative Students From Culturally Deprived Homes." This project will (1) construct a battery of diagnostic tools designed to identify potentially intelligent and creative students from culturally deprived homes at the stage of transfer from elementary to secondary education, (2) conduct a 4year followup study of students selected and placed in special enrichment programs, both in day schools and boarding institutions of academic, vocational, and preparatory teacher-training types, (3) and conduct a parallel followup study of students with similar abilities and sociocultural background, who were not selected for special care, and of students with similar abilities but from different background. Project No.-OE-5-21-005. Contractor.-Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Title. "The Impact of Education on Career Expectations and Mobility." The project aims to study the effects of the differences in the atmospheres of the academic type of secondary day school, the academic type of secondary evening school, and the vocational school on the level and kinds of career and mobility aspirations of 17-year-old Israeli youth. The aspirations of 17-year-olds will be compared with the actual experiences of career choice and mobility of 27-year-olds. The sample consists of 60 boys aged 16 plus from one academic day high school, one academic evening high school and one vocational school leading to matriculation-in each of the three main cities (540 boys). Similar samples of 26-plusyear-olds, graduates of the same schools, will be used. The main independent variable is the type of school and its climate, and other variables to be controlled as far as sample size allows are family background, peer group, and communication media. The dependent variables are ideas, ideologies or other commitments concerning career choice in the country; perceived sources of information and influence; career; and, evaluation of chances. A questionnaire will be the main instrument for gathering information about these variables. Observations, study, and written material, individual talks and possibly group interviews with staff and students will be used to assess the school climates. The data will be analyzed by comparing the different and similar types of students in different schools, the 17- and 27-year-olds, and the results with materials available from other countries. Project No.-OE-5-21-009. Contractor.-The Technion Research and Development Foundation, Ltd. Israel." There presently is no institution in Israel for the training of teachers for technical and vocational schools. In view of the planned industrial development, this is a serious lack. The Technion Research and Development Foundation, Ltd., would seem to be the natural institution for providing this service, but a study of appropriate curriculums for training such teachers is of primary concern. A review of the present curriculums and teaching methods in approximately five to six vocational schools in Israel will be made. A study of curricula in the vocational schools of several foreign countries will also be conducted. The relationships between the training of the present teachers and the achievement of students will be examined. The extent of practical workshop experience and laboratory work given students will be noted and related to achievement levels. An experiment using teachers of different training with matched classes will be conducted during the second year of the project. A study tour of American universities was made by Dr. A. Perlberg this fall. Project No.-OE-6-21-009. Contractor.-The Hebrew University (the John Dewey School of Education, the Department of English, and the Department of English Basic Studies) in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Culture, Jerusalem. Title.-"Developmental Programme in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language in Israel" (including English Teachers Summer Institute for the Upgrading of Oral Fluency in English). 1. The project's purpose is to raise the standard of English in primary and secondary schools and in teacher training institutions by the application of modern methods, aids, and techniques based on suitable research programs. 2. To improve the quality of English teaching by extended activity in the recruitment, selection, and training of prospective teachers, and by further training of those already in the field. The major areas to be dealt with are: (a) Teaching syllabuses, methods, and materials; |