techniques on the design and fabrication of a large scale military computer." (Malbrain, 1959, p. 4−1). "The new EDP Machine Logic and Control Simulator, LOCS, is designed to facilitate the simulation of data processing systems and logic on the IBM 7090 Data Processing System . . . The inputs of LOCS consist of a description of the machine to be simulated, coded in LOCS language, and a set of test programs coded in either the procedure language of the test problems (e.g., FORTRAN) or in the instruction language of the simulated machine . . . The outputs of LOCS consist of the performance statistics, computation results, and diagnostic data which are relevant to both the test programs and the design of the simulated machine." (Zucker, 1965, pp. 403–404).

66

7.33 "... A system of software and hardware which simulates, with a few exceptions, a multiple set of IBM System/360 computing systems (hardware and software) that are simultaneously available to many users." (Lindquist et al., 1966, p. 1775).

7.34 "Another simulation program designed to simulate multiprocessor systems is being developed by R. Goldstein at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Written in SIMTRAN, this program is specifically designed to simulate the OCTOPUS computer system at LRL which includes an IBM 7030 STRETCH, two IBM 7094's, two CDC 6600's, one CDC 3600, two PDP 6's, an IBM 1401, and various I/O devices. A parameterized input table specifies the general multiprocessing configuration, the data transmission rates, memory sizes and buffer sizes. Any other hardware variations and operating system characteristics

are introduced with SIMTRAN

routines. As output the program produces figures on actual memory utilization, graphs of memory access time, graphs of overhead, graphs of response time, and graphs of several other relevant variables.' (Huesmann and Goldberg, 1967, p. 153).

7.35 "One of the more exotic applications of digital computers is to simulate a digital computer on another entirely different type of computer. Using a simulation program, application programs developed for the first computer, the source computer, may be executed on a second computer, the object computer." (Trimble, 1965, p. 18).

7.36 "The flexibility of a digital computer enables one to try out complicated picture processing schemes with a relatively small amount of effort. To facilitate this simulation, a digital picture scanner and cathode-ray tube display was constructed. Pictures were scanned with this system, the signal was recorded on a computer magnetic tape, and this tape was used as input to a program that simulated a picture-transmitting system." (Huang and Tretiak, 1965, pp. 45-46).

"Computer simulation of a letter generator using the above grammar is a comparatively straightforward programming task. Such a program, making

use of COMPAX, has been written for CDC 3600 system at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay." (Narasimhan, 1966, p. 171).

At IBM, there has been developed a computer program for image-forming systems simulation (IMSIM/1), so that the photo-optical design engineer can study performance before such systems are actually built (Paris, 1966).

7.37 "The first model developed matches CTSS... Next, a simple, first-come, first-served round-robin scheduling procedure will be substituted. Then, a model which incorporates multiprogramming techniques with the CTSS hardware configuration will be developed. Finally, a simple continuous-time Markov model will be used to represent both single-processor and multiple-processor time-shared systems.

"The primary result obtained is that it is possible to successfully model users of interactive computer systems and systems themselves with a good degree of accuracy using relatively simple models." (Scherr, 1965, p. 31).

"The final model to be simulated will represent a system in which swapping and processor operation are overlapped. While a program is being run by the processor, the program which was running previously is dumped and the next program to run is loaded. Since loading and dumping cannot occur simultaneously, there must be room in the core memory for at least two complete user programs — the program being dumped or loaded. Should two programs intended to run in sequence not fit together in the core memory, the processor must be stopped to complete the swapping." (Scherr, 1965, pp. 40-41).

Other examples of experiments in computer simulation of multiple access and time-shared systems include the following: "The development of the simulation program now provides a first-comefirst-serve queue unloading strategy. Continuing effort, however, will provide for optional strategies, e.g., selecting the data unit with the shortest servicing time, consideration of what flow will minimize idle time at the central processor etc." (Blunt, 1965, p. 15).

"Project MAC is using a display to show the dynamic activity of jobs within its scheduling algorithm. Watching this display, one can see jobs moving to higher and lower priority queues as time passes." (Sutherland, 1965, p. 13).

7.38 “A great advance also is the wide application of digital computers for the simulation of recognizing and adaptive systems. Digital simulation extraordinarily facilitates and accelerates conducting experiments in this realm by permitting extremely effective experimental investigations without expenditure of materials and with little time spent." (Kovalevsky, 1965, p. 42).

а

"Third, computer simulation may serve heuristic in the search for models. The effort of getting a computer to perform a given task may lead to illuminating psychological hypotheses, even if no behavioral evidence has been taken into account.

Moreover, a program which solves problems is by that sole virtue a candidate for a model and deserves the psychologists' attention. After all, proving theorems or recognizing patterns was until recently uniquely human or animal." (Frijda, 1967, p. 59).

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