Accredited training.-Courses include academic classroom instruction or approved hospital, clinic, or field training for which a university gives credit toward a degree. Short university workshop classes which are credited toward a degree are also classified as accredited training.

Nonaccredited training.-This training is not recognized by a university as contributing toward a degree. It includes supervised experience in health departments, hospitals, or clinics. Also classified as nonaccredited training are refresher courses, short specialized hospital and clinic courses, such as those conducted in the fields of venereal disease, tuberculosis, obstetrics, and general public health field practice.

Field training for Federal, State, and local public health workers in the various health programs has been afforded through the utilization of local health departments and other selected installations as centers for further training. These health centers have the necessary facilities for conducting planned field training for one or more occupational groups of public health workers.

In table 24 are listed the amounts used by the States and Territories for these training activities for 1953-54 and 1954-55, and the amounts budgeted for 1955-56. Details for the 1954-55 school year are included in column 8 of the summary table 4. These figures are given as reported to the Public Health Service by State health departments, and other State agencies participating in grants administered by the Public Health Service. They include the portions of the grants used for educational purposes. Amounts do not represent the total expenditures for education since it is known that funds spent for training are sometimes reported as regular charges to the specialized program rather than identified separately as amounts for educational projects.

ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER

This center, with headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, is the unit of the Public Health Service with primary responsibility for the conduct of research and investigations in the field of environmental sanitation. In solving environmental health problems, the center utilizes a wide variety of specialized competencies, including microbiologists, physicists, chemists, engineers, and medical doctors.

Training activities covering the fields of community air pollution, milk and food sanitation, radiological health, water supply and water pollution, and public health aspects of civil defense are conducted in the center. These training programs offer short courses in the above areas designed to increase the proficiency of

Table 24.-PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE GRANTS USED BY STATES AND TERRITORIES FOR EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES: 1953-54 TO 1955-56

practicing professional personnel. Courses are conducted both in the center and in the various States. Also, more specialized courses are offered on such topics as the Membrane Filter Technique in Sanitary Bacteriology, Fluoride Analysis, Food Sanitation, Air Pollution Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis, Environmental Radiation Sanitation, Problems of Radioactivity in Waterworks, and Sanitary Engineering Practices in Civil Defense Disaster.

The technical training courses are designed for professional personnel from State and local health departments, State control agencies, the Public Health Service, and other governmental units. Industrial representatives who are cooperating with these agencies are also eligible to attend. In addition, arrangements are made for special training for foreign public health specialists.

To recognize the growing peacetime applications of nuclear energy, the radiological health training is designed to acquaint public health workers with the significance of ionizing radiation, the health hazards attendant on their use and existence in the environment, and methods of minimizing or protecting against such hazards.

A new series of courses was instituted in 1956 for the training of sanitary engineer reserve officers of all the military services and those of the Public Health Service.

Table 25 gives the number of formal courses and the number of individuals trained from 1951-52 through 1955–56. The number of individuals trained in formal courses is divided into State and local health personnel, foreign personnel, and others. Principal groups included in the latter category are institutional personnel, individuals from the staffs of scientific foundations, a number from the Defense Department, from other Federal departments, and from industry. The participation of Federal and industrial personnel is usually incidental to programs organized for State and local personnel making application for a particular course.

Table 26 reports the Federal funds allotted to this center's training programs for the past 5 years. An increase in funds for civil defense training is largely responsible for the increase noted in 1955-56. The estimates given in tables 25 and 26, based on activity so far this year and the plans for the remainder of the year, were provided by the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Table 25.-NUMBER OF FORMAL COURSES OFFERED BY THE ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER AND THE NUMBR OF INDIVIDUALS TAKING THESE COURSES: 1951-52 TO 1955-56

Table 26.-FEDERAL FUNDS ALLOTTED FOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF THE ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER: 1951-52 TO 1955-56

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CENTER

This center located at Atlanta, Ga., is a division of the Public Health Service. Two types of sponsored training are offered and they are described under laboratory training and field training.

Laboratory training.-These courses are offered to all grades of employed laboratory personnel of State and local health departments to develop accuracy and dependability in the diagnostic ability of professional laboratory workers; to acquaint them with the best methods and apparatus available for each procedure; to familiarize them with the basic principles underlying each step; and to allow for interchange of ideas and discussion of problems with other students in group seminars. These courses are designed to improve the quality of diagnostic work by intensive refresher training in laboratory specialties with emphasis on newer developments, and on the practical aspects of diagnostic laboratory procedures.

Field training.-The objectives of this activity are (1) to provide practical field training to State and local public health personnel in general health theories, standards, techniques, and practices, to enable them to perform their duties more adequately, to assist in training other State personnel, and to assume greater responsibilities in the investigation and control of diseases and (2) to provide demonstration and consultation services to States for assisting them in the development and improvement of State Public Health Training Programs or to encourage them to establish and operate their own training programs. Emphasis is placed on training in new or improved methods of disease control.

The number of courses offered, number of trainees and Federal funds expended for the two training programs for the past 4 years are given in table 27.

Table 27.-NUMBER OF COURSES OFFERED, NUMBER OF TRAINEES AND FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED FOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF THE COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CENTER: 1951-52 TO 1954-55

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS

The Public Health Service has established a series of (1) predoctoral, (2) postdoctoral, and (3) special fellowships to encourage promising students and scholars from the United States in careers of research in the medical and allied fields. These research fellowship programs are supported from funds appropriated by the Congress to the National Institutes of Health of the Public Health Service.

Public Health Service research fellowships may carry any one of the following designations, depending upon the Institute or Division that provides the funds to support the Fellow: Division of Research Grants, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Division of Nursing Resources.

The research Fellows may undertake their studies in any qualified institution in the United States, including governmental research laboratories, appropriate for the specific type of training elected by the Fellow. Studies may be undertaken at institutions outside the United States only when satisfactory evidence is provided that the type or quality of training sought cannot be obtained in this country.

Federal funds expended for research fellowships through the programs of the National Institutes of Health for the past 5 years are given in column 4 of table 28.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE TRAINEESHIPS
AND TRAINING GRANTS

In recognition of the critical need for additional personnel well qualified in matters pertaining to health, the Federal Government through the Public Health Service has established two types of training awards in order to stimulate such training: (1) direct traineeships recommended on a competitive basis by review boards of the Public Health Service, and paid directly by a monthly Federal check to the trainee; and (2) indirect traineeships awarded by a local institution, and paid by that institution utilizing funds provided in a training grant for this purpose.

Both types of traineeships are currently awarded by the National Cancer Institute, the National Heart Institute, the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Disease, and the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, while only the second or indirect type is awarded by the National Institute of