to supply educational books, materials, and tangible apparatus for the blind for schools and classes operating in all the States and Territories. The sponsorship of the Federal Government for this part of its work was originally established through the act of 1879 "To Promote the Education of the Blind." This first act appropriated $10,000 per year. In 1919 the appropriation was increased to $50,000; in 1927 to $75,000; and in 1937 to $125,000. In May 1952 the authorizing act was increased to $260,000, but only $215,000 of the full authorization was appropriated for the 1954-55 school year and $234,000 for 1955-56.

Under the fiscal supervision of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the institution provides the individual States with educational materials for children attending schools and classes for the blind. The American Printing House for the Blind expends its Federal funds only for the payment of production costs of books and apparatus for the education of the blind. Allotments of materials to the States for the education of the blind are then made on the basis of allocations determined in relation to the number of blind students.

State and local institutions for the blind use materials to the extent of these allotments and are permitted to purchase additional materials produced by the American Printing House for the Blind. These additional materials are supplied at cost.

Amounts allotted to the States and Territories for the 1954-55 school year are given in column 7 of the summary table 4. Federal appropriations for the American Printing House for the Blind for the past 10 years are listed in table 20, and in table 21 the

Table 20.-FEDERAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO THE AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND: 1946-47 TO 1955-56

State-by-State allotments for the 1955-56 school year are listed. No allotments are reported in table 21 for Maine, Nevada, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wyoming. Quotas for these States are included in allotments to other States since blind children in these States are attending schools or classes in other States and, consequently, are counted in allocations to the neigh

boring States. In Delaware, the allocations are only for preschool children since the older children in primary and secondary grades attend schools for the blind outside the State of Delaware.

Information for these tables has been provided by the American Printing House for the Blind at Louisville, Ky.

Table 21-FEDERAL EXPENDITURES FOR MATERIALS AND APPARATUS MADE BY THE AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND AND ALLOTTED TO INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND IN THE STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1955-56

This educational institution, formerly designated as the Columbia Institution for the Deaf, was incorporated under an act of Congress dated February 16, 1857. In 1864, President Lincoln approved an act relating to the institution which authorized it to grant degrees in the liberal arts and sciences. Since that time, Congress has frequently reconsidered and improved the status of the institution. It has also provided annual appropriations for current operating expenses and for the construction of essential buildings. The college now has 25 buildings and is located in the District of Columbia.

The institution, at the present time, is operated primarily for the purpose of affording higher education to deaf persons. In addition, it offers an educational program from the kindergarten through preparation for college entrance for all students from the District of Columbia who are so deaf as to be unable to progress satisfactorily in schools for hearing students. The latter department, known as the Kendall School, also serves as a laboratory

school for teachers training in the college, including those in the Graduate Department of Education, which offers a master's degree and a professional diploma in the education of the deaf to students with normal hearing. Gallaudet College, in its undergraduate department, offers the associate's degree after 2 years of study and a bachelor's degree in the liberal arts and sciences. The Preparatory Department provides the senior year of high school for students who are unable to obtain it in the State schools for the deaf.

For the 1955-56 school year, a total of 75 children are in attendance in the Kendall School. Of this number, 62 are from the District of Columbia. Total enrollment in the college is 303 with students from 43 States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, and 7 foreign countries. In table 22 are listed the amounts of Federal funds appropriated for current operating expenses and for new construction over the past 10 years.

Table 22.-FEDERAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO GALLAUDET COLLEGE: 1946-47 TO

In 1867, this institution was established and located in the District of Columbia. It is operated under a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees as a semipublic institution comprising an undergraduate college; eight professional schools including Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Engineering and Architecture, Music, Social Work, Law, and Religion; and a graduate school offering the doctorate degree in Chemistry, and the master's degree in several fields. The College of Medicine is associated with Freedmen's Hospital which adjoins the University campus. Federal funds may not be used in support of the School of Religion.

During the 1954-55 school year, the University enrolled 4,453 students coming from 42 States, the District of Columbia, 30 foreign countries, 10 island possessions of the British West Indies, and 4 United States possessions. Students of the institution are served by a faculty of 459 teachers of whom 191 are on a parttime basis. More than half of the approximately 18,209 graduates are engaged in the teaching profession.

Federal funds appropriated for Howard University for the past 10 years are given in table 23. These figures represent only the portions that are provided by the Federal Government. Additional income is derived from endowments, gifts and grants, student fees, and other sources as is customary in all universities. The total annual budget for current operations is approximately $5,600,000.

In recent years, Howard University has been engaged in a program of plant renovation and expansion. Columns 5 and 6 of table 23 present information about Federal funds appropriated for construction. All data in this table were obtained from the University.

Table 23-FEDERAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED FOR HOWARD UNIVERSITY: 1946-47 TO 1955-56

1 Does not include contract authorizations in the amount of $1,247,400.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

Physicians, dentists, nurses, laboratory specialists, and public health personnel participate in educational programs sponsored by the United States Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. These programs are devoted to the development of additional areas of information, to the

further preparation of health personnel, and to the dissemination of information about conditions that affect the public health.

Among the several educational programs of the Public Health Service, seven are described. These include the grants used by the States for the further education of State and local public health personnel, services of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center at Cincinnati, services of the Communicable Disease Center at Atlanta, public health research fellowships, public health service traineeships and training grants, and training programs of the Division of Indian Health and Division of Hospitals. Expenditures for these programs totaled almost $15 million in 1954-55 and are estimated at approximately $19 million for 1955-56.

GRANTS TO STATES USED FOR THE EDUCATION
OF PUBLIC HEALTH PERSONNEL

The programs of education sponsored by the State health agencies and using Federal grant-in-aid funds are not new. They began with the enactment of title VI of the Federal Social Security Act in 1936. Part of the funds appropriated each year for the extension of public health services has been used for personnel training in order to improve the quality of State and local health services to the general public. The training programs afford the trainees opportunities to extend their technical and scientific knowledge so they can be more effective in the positions to which they are assigned. Through orientation and on-the-job training programs, public health personnel keep in step with changes and progressive developments in the practice of public health.

The selection of personnel for sponsored training from the professional or technically trained ranks is left to the discretion of the State health officer. Types of persons trained include: physicians, dentists, nurses, laboratory workers, sanitation personnel, and other persons who are, or are to be, employed in official State, county, or local health programs. Also, this group includes some who are not employed by an official health agency but who will, as a result of the training, render services to public health programs. At the present time the personnel receiving sponsored training must fall into 1 of the 3 following pay and allowance criteria: (1) Those who receive stipends instead of regularly established salaries, (2) those who receive salaries but have been relieved of their regular duties for the training period, and (3) those for whom only tuition and travel expenses are paid. Sponsored training may be either accredited or nonaccredited.