Young people assigned to the Industrial Home School are still in need of educational services. In response to this need, academic courses as well as remedial study in reading and speech are offered. Also, shop-work, carpentry, shoe repairing, metalwork, barbering, laundering, painting, landscaping, cosmetology, and homemaking are presented. Boys and girls alike are accepted in the various classes. Expenditures for this school would include amounts for maintenance and subsistence as well as for instruction.

Table 89.-NUMBER OF NEEDY OR DELINQUENT CHILDREN WHO MAY RECEIVE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES WHILE IN INSTITUTIONS OPERATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: 1953-54 AND 1954-55

Junior Village.-Six buildings are maintained at Junior Village to provide both living quarters and classroom space. Entrants into this organization range in age from 6 months to 14 years and include all races and both sexes. Junior Village has provided temporary shelter, custody, training, and physical care for dependent and neglected children. It has also provided for 50 young delinquent colored boys.

Children of school age are admitted to the academic school at Junior Village in regular elementary and junior high school classes, and special classes for the delinquent boys. Concurrently, volunteer workers continued to staff the kindergarten-nursery school program, and to support such activities as hobby clubs, music, dancing, storytelling, sightseeing trips, etc.

National Training School for Boys.-This school, located in the District of Columbia, is a correctional institution for boys and is operated by the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice, through a contract with the Department of Public Welfare,

accepts all boys committed by the Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia to the National Training School. Expenditures for this school would include amounts for maintenance and subsistence as well as for instruction and would be included in the budget of the Bureau of Prisons, Department of Justice.

Receiving Home for Children. This institution serves as a detention home for "children under 18 years of age who are arrested by the police on charge of offenses against any laws in force in the District of Columbia" pending Juvenile Court action. Temporary care is also given to a few older children who need custody while permanent plans are being worked out by the Child Welfare Division. Even though the average daily population was only 90 during the school years 1953-54 and 1954-55, there were more than 2,200 children admitted to the home during each year. Arrangements are made for the education of children who remain at the institution for some time.

HOUSING AND HOME FINANCE AGENCY

This independent agency of the Federal Government provides services related to two programs of Federal assistance to education described in this bulletin. As indicated on page 36, the engineering staff of the agency makes reports to the Office of Education regarding progress on the construction of school facilities authorized by Public Law 815, and its amendments. Federal funds are released for approved construction projects on the basis of reports of progress. Under another program of assistance to education, the Housing and Home Finance Agency makes loans available to colleges for the construction of certain kinds of college plant facilities.

COLLEGE HOUSING PROGRAM

The College Housing Act of 1950 provided $300 million for long-term, low-interest-rate loans for private and public colleges and universities. This act was passed in response to a critical need for on-campus residential facilities which had been accumulating for about 30 years. During these years, student enrollments had doubled, and private rooming houses were disappearing rapidly with the expansion of college facilities and the growth of business activities near educational institutions.

Administration of the College Housing Program is vested in the Administrator of Housing and Home Finance Agency. Subject to law and to the supervision of the Housing and Home Finance Administrator, the Commissioner of Community Facilities Administration, which is an organizational unit within the Office of

the Administrator, administers the program of loans which are made under title IV of the Housing Act of 1950 (Public Law 475, 81st Cong.).

Assistance of Office of Education.-Under the provisions of the act, the Administrator is authorized to consult with and to secure the advice and recommendations of the Commissioner of the United States Office of Education. Consequently, the Administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency requested that the Office of Education provide assistance by making educational determinations with respect to application for loans. The educational determinations made by the Office of Education deal with pertinent background information regarding the respective institutions, eligibility of the institution in question as an educational institution, and the need for housing.

Aside from the review by the Office of Education, there are reviews by the legal, engineering, and fiscal divisions of the Community Facilities Administration. A final determination, in terms of all factors, is made in the Office of the Housing and Home Finance Administrator.

On July 18, 1950, within 3 months of the passage of Public Law 475, and before application forms were made available, operations under title IV with respect to housing for educational institutions were suspended because of the situation arising from the outbreak of hostilities in Korea. Military and defense requirements took priority for needed materials. The College Housing Program, therefore, remained inactive until January 15, 1951. At that time, an executive order made available $40 million of the $300 million authorized by Congress with the added stipulation that the funds thus released were to be used for college and university housing which contributed to defense activities.

Higher enrollments in 1953 and 1954 again stimulated Federal concern for college and university service-type facilities. Public Law 345, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, approved several amendments to the College Housing Program. These amendments are administered by the Housing and Home Finance Agency, and the Office of Education continues to provide educational advisory services. The amended program has five important features:

1. The program is broadened to include "other educational facilities," which are defined by the act as cafeterias or dining halls, student centers or student unions, infirmaries or other health facilities, and other essential service facilities.

2. Maximum term of the loans was increased from 40 to 50 years.

3. Total loan funds were increased from $300 million to $500 million, of which not to exceed $100 million is provided for service-type facilities.

4. Interest rate was lowered from its previous level of 3.25 to 2.75 percent. 5. Junior colleges are specifically designated as eligible participants in the College Housing Program. Attached to this specific and new provision is a statement which provides that a corporation may be established by an educational institution for the sole purpose of financing housing or other educational facilities for students and faculty, and to participate in the College Housing Program.

As of December 31, 1955, a total of 673 applications for $567,937,000 in loan funds had been filed since the inception of the program. Table 90 shows that as of the same date, $160,203,000 in loans had been made to 213 colleges and universities. The loans were made to institutions in 40 States and the District of Columbia. In addition to these loans, funds had been reserved to the extent of $99,972,000 for facilities in the final phases of planning at 103 institutions.

Table 90.-NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF COLLEGE HOUSING LOANS BY STATES MADE THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1955

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (Public Law 507, 81st Cong.) established the Foundation "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes." Under this public law, the Foundation is directed to accomplish these broad, general objectives in a number of ways, one of the most important of which is the furtherance of education in the sciences.

Support of basic research is administered by the two research divisions of the Foundation: the Division of Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, and the Division of Biological and Medical Sciences. The graduate fellowship program is administered by the Division of Scientific Personnel and Education.

GRANTS FOR BASIC RESEARCH

Although designed primarily to further research, the Foundation's program of research support contributes in an important way to education in the sciences. Grants are made to research investigators through their institutions, usually universities or colleges, to support projects that have been evaluated for scientific merit by NSF panels of outstanding scientists in the respective fields. Proposals for research projects are judged by the competence of the investigator, the value of the project in relation to contemporary research, the facilities in the institution to undertake the study, and the reasonableness of the budget estimates submitted. Portions of such grants are used by the principal investigator to employ research assistants for purposes of the project. Thus the program makes it possible for students and young investigators just entering upon their research careers to have the benefit of association and guidance from experienced research investigators.

GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS IN THE SCIENCES

Predoctoral and postdoctoral fellowships in the mathematical, physical, medical, biological, and engineering sciences are awarded annually by the National Science Foundation. The awards are open to American citizens and are made for a period of 1 year. Recipients of fellowships may apply for renewal on an equal basis with new applicants.

Predoctoral applicants are required to take examinations for scientific aptitude and achievement. These tests are administered by the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N. J. Test scores, academic records, and recommendations regarding each candidate's abilities are then considered by panels of scientists in the respective fields of the candidates. Postdoctoral candidates are not required to take the examination. The review of applicants is conducted for the Foundation by the National Research Council. Final selection is made by the Foundation with the approval of the National Science Board. All Fellows are selected on the basis of ability and in cases of substantially equal ability awards are made in such a way as to give wider geographical distribution.

Fellows may attend any accredited nonprofit American or nonprofit foreign institution of higher learning. Stipends for Fellows