an arrest, and much of the time of a patrol officer is spent in preventing crime and maintaining the peace in a manner that does not involve making arrests.

Of course, a police officer is not a social worker and I do not claim that what was reported in the press is an accurate report of my statement, but he does, as a matter of fact-a good police officer-he prevents crime.

Mr. DowDY. That is the reason we have laws, to prevent crime. We have penal statutes to punish, and that is to prevent crime, and the reason we have officers on the street is to have a show of authority so that people know that it is our intention to enforce the law. That has been my theory all the time. As far as family squabbles are concerned, it is better to get them threshed out because when you get to court there will be nobody to testify anyway.

Mr. MURPHY. Yes, sir. Congressman, a police officer has very broad discretion. Every police officer has great power. That is why it seems to me we have this desperate need for upgrading the police service; not only in this city, but in this entire nation.

Unfortunately, in the past quarter century, the relative position of the police officer in our society has declined.

Mr. Dowdy. Isn't that because he hasn't had the backing of his superiors and the courts have been taking out after him rather than trying to enforce laws against crime?

Mr. MURPHY. Well, Congressman, with all due respect, I think there is a factor there, but I think we have failed to upgrade our police. I wholeheartedly agree with the National Crime Commission's recommendation that police officers should have higher education.

I think Mr. Hoover has demonstrated this with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. When he took it over many years ago, he determined to upgrade the Federal Bureau of Investigation and he has made it a truly professional law enforcement organization. It is one of the few in the United States. I think the police administrators of this nation are anxious to upgrade their police departments, to provide more education and to provide incentives for education.

Mr. DowDY. Isn't there something else about the F.B.I.? All the F.B.I. agents know that Hoover is behind them. I sometimes wonder if our policemen know that their superiors are behind them, or even think they are behind them. Isn't there a distinction there?

Mr. MURPHY. Congressman, as I said earlier, I took this position to stand behind every police officer in this city who does his job. That is my pledge to you, that I will do that. I think the Mayor knows that I have said I want to stay in this position only so long as I can do my job in that way. I have accepted this appointment because the Mayor gave me his assurance that he was behind me completely in supporting and providing the leadership for the policemen in this city who needed so much in this important year, and I pledge to you I will give whatever support I can.

Mr. Dowdy. If you get the policemen here in the District of Columbia to believe that you are behind them rather than that you will support the rabble-rousers, or give them some trouble, you will have much better morale in the police department. That is my opinion.

Mr. MURPHY. I assure you my position on law and order is clear. We will provide law and order in this city to the best of our ability and we will make it clear to anyone who thinks otherwise that we are

determined to have peace in this city. I assure you that we will do all we possibly can, Congressman.

Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Broyhill?

Mr. BROYHILL. Mr. Commissioner, I am very happy to get your recommendations to make this measure retroactive. I think we have provided that in H.R. 13980, and in some of the other bills as well. I join with my colleagues in commending you for a very thorough, complete, and comprehensive statement.

In the classified employees' salary increase hearings last year that you refer to in your statement, not only was the increase of 4.5 percent made retroactive to last October 1st, but there is another increase provided to take effect next July. Those two alone and that doesn't include the third increase that we provided for, I think, to take effect in April of 1969-will provide a total increase of perhaps 9 percent. Now, I wonder if we are keeping the police and fire departments in line with what the classified and postal employees are receiving?

Mr. WASHINGTON. I think we had an increase in 1957.

Mr. ETON. It was 9.9 percent I think, and I believe the classified government was somewhat less than that.

Mr. BROYHILL. Could you repeat that?

Mr. ETON. The last increase for police and fire was 9.9 per cent, as I recall it, which was several percentage points higher than the classified government personnel received at that time. It is true the first stage and the next of two stages of the civilian pay bill exceed what we are asking for here. Of course, we probably plan to come back with another pay increase at another time.

Mr. WASHINGTON. I wouldn't want to stop at that answer though, Mr. Congressman. I think we would hope, in the police and fire area, for continued study of this matter. The 8.2 is one that we felt, based on the prior increase, brought them up to a position, and I wouldn't think that we ought to remain static. If we are talking about keeping a force in competition with other forces and giving them the best opportunity and working conditions, I would think we would study this just as the federal is being studied. I would not be averse to further consideration in terms of increase.

Mr. BROYHILL. I know you have budgetary problems, Mr. Commissioner.

Mr. WASHINGTON. We do, sir, annually.

Mr. BROYHILL. I know you have difficulty raising revenue, and I will help you all I can within certain boundaries. However, don't go too far in too many different directions. I don't think we can escape the necessity of providing proper compensation for the police and fire departments. When we talk about comparison with other cities, the Chairman of the Full Committee, Mr. McMillan, made mention of the fact that this is the Nation's Capital; we have so many tourists coming here; and the government agencies are here, the judicial and legislative branches. I notice that even with the recommendation in your chart, we would only bring the District of Columbia back from 12th place to 5th place among the largest U.S. cities. It seems to me we should set our sights a little higher than that, because this is an exceptional area, there being only one like it in the world. If we want the best, we will have to pay for it. I urge that you consider fifth place as just not completely satisfactory.

Mr. WASHINGTON. I am just delighted, Mr. Congressman, to hear you say that. I think in bringing this up to fifth place we thought we were doing pretty good for this year with budgetary limitations, but I have no intention of staying at number five in anything. I would like to be number one, even if it brings us into a budgetary problem.

I think in view of what you have said and what the Chairman observed, it gave me a little perspective in terms of some of the needs and some of the requirements here that maybe we haven't taken the best look at, the hardest look at, in terms of the embassies and the policemen. This is the only place in the nation the policemen have this problem. It is the only place in the nation where they have nine million visitors coming in from all over the country, and they have to be courteous to these people who come in to see the nation's capital. There are requirements that go beyond what one individual would be doing in maybe Tom's home in San Diego, or something like that. It seems to me the perspective I get is that the members of this committee are concerned about this and want to put us in the highest and best competitive position.

Mr. BROYHILL. Your statement is so complete that I don't know that I see all the specific differences between your recommendations and those in the pending bills. I note that you recommend the same increase for recruits. I am sure it would be helpful to all of us if someone on the staff could provide a chart showing a comparison of these various salary scales in the bills before us and those you recommend, so that we can see at which point in the scales we differ.

Mr. WASHINGTON. We have a scale if you wish it. The comparison is more a comparison of the proposals. It does break it out in money and per cent. This may not be as adequate as you wish in detail, but we would be very happy to furnish that to you.

Mr. BROYHILL. I am sure the committee would like to have that for our guidance when we go into executive session.

Mr. WASHINGTON. We can bring this closer to your requirements. This was a rather general analysis of the bills with relation to the proposal. (See comparison chart, pp. 2–5.)

Mr. BROYHILL. Another matter on which you placed considerable emphasis was that of travel allowance and other incentives for new recruits to move in here from other areas.

In my conversation with Mr. Murphy the other day, I asked about the present residence requirement for D.C. policemen and firemen. This has been a matter of controversy, Mr. Commissioner, since before you came here, some people in both parties have recommended that all city employees be required to live in the District of Columbia. The Police Department, as I understand, has for a period of years, imposed a maximum distance that D.C. policemen may live from the Capitol building, in order to be properly available in times of

emergency.

We know that the metropolitan area has gotten larger. We know that developments are being constructed much further out from the city, mainly because of the cost of land and the cost of construction. For this reason, many people are being required to move out 25 and 30 miles from the city just because they can't get housing within their income, closer in.

I am wondering, in light of that change in the cost of housing, plus the fact that hopefully, if we ever get the Three Sisters Bridge and a few other things straightened out, we will have better communications and transportation facilities within the entire metropolitan area, whether Mr. Murphy or the Commissioner or someone couldn't consider easing this restriction and extending that boundary somewhat. I have heard that several members of the Police Department have wanted to move out further, mainly for economic reasons, so they could have a home with a little more land. They have felt they could live more within their incomes if they could move out a little further. I think there is justification for this.

I have heard that in effect you have had to lower the entrance qualifications for candidates for the Fire Department in recent years. Is that correct?

Mr. WEITZEL. No, sir. We have a proposal to lower the height to five foot seven. That is the only qualification we have recommended lowering.

Mr. BROYHILL. You haven't actually lowered the mental requirements for the Police or Fire Department, although in the latter you have been obliged to accept candidates of marginal qualifications on the mental examination?

Mr. WEITZEL. No, sir.

Mr. WILSON. We have lowered the height requirement, and lowered the sight requirement from a flat 20-20 to a 23-40 corrected. We have been working with the Civil Service Commission to determine whether the mental test that is now given is truly effective in selecting good police officers, but no decision has been made on that at this time.

Mr. BROYHILL. Mr. Chairman, I don't want to belabor this point concerning the problems the police are having in the precincts, but I think the overwhelming majority of our civilized society recognizes that they must support the police. I don't think there is any question that everybody in the District Government fully recognizes that problem. I hope the phrase "support your police" doesn't become just a cliche, with no real meaning.

I am not the expert that you are, Mr. Murphy, but I have heard that it has become something of a vogue nowadays, on the part of some people, to challenge the policeman's authority and to see just how far they can push law enforcement officials.

We have nationally known figures, as you well know, who do not hesitate to appear on nationwide television and make the threat that they will come to Washington and foment mass civil disobedience. Again, this is a challenge to the endurance of law enforcement officials. I think that somewhere along the line we are going to have to go a little further than just to draw up a phrase, "support your local police".

I noticed some of the people in this audience turned their heads a little when Mr. McMillan said something about the police officers shooting people.

Nobody is advocating that. I am sure Mr. McMillan isn't. But it is a fact that today we have reckless disregard for the constitutional rights of the citizen. The police chief in Miami, Walter Headley, has employed what some people might consider severe tactics, but he has unshackled the arms of his city's police force, and the record shows that crime there has been reduced by fifty per cent as a result. And I

Mr. WILSON. This is the procedure, this is standard procedure, with all Civil Service examinations; it is not something peculiar with

ours.

Our examinations that have been given by the Civil Service for the Police Department and the Fire Department since 1948 have been examinations with 80 questions, and the passing grade is established at 40 questions being correct which, if you take it as a flat percentage, it is 50 per cent. But you must recognize that a Civil Service examination is not exactly like an examination which you take in school to see how much you have learned from the course, but it is an examination to see what you know; but also to establish registers and in order to establish registers you must necessarily put questions much harder than you necessarily you have to have some questions in there that some people can't answer. Otherwise-this isn't a problem with us now because we can take all that we can get, but otherwise when you get into periods where you have to select between applicants, if everybody can make a hundred-if you write an examination that people can make a hundred on, then you will have no register.

The fact that 40 is selected or 30 is selected is not necessarily indicative of a low mentality required. You could conceivably write the examination so hard that a passing of ten questions would be indicative of a higher mentality than another examination that you would write where you would require one hundred questions to be right. It is true 40 questions out of 80 is transmuted as an average of 70 per cent.

Mr. FUQUA. I want to commend you for the incentive for further schooling. I think this is very good.

When an officer decides to take advantage of this provision, on whose time will he be going to school? Will this be on his own time, or considered duty time?

Mr. WILSON. We have and have had since 1956 a college education program within the Department. Since about 1961 the Department has been paying most of the cost of the courses. We have an arrangement with American University where we pay all tuition except $10. They pay $10 for the three credit hour course and they must buy their books. They go on their own time.

The courses are arranged with these classes. We have them arranged so that there is a night session and a day session during each week so that men working in changing shifts can always attend class without interference with their work schedules, but it is off duty education. Mr. FUQUA. That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Gude?

Mr. GUDE. I have nothing but admiration for the police whom I have observed, both in the District of Columbia and in my own Montgomery County. If we are going to have an adequate force with the necessary professional competence that will do justice to those who are in the forefront of this fight against crime, we must have a pay and recruitment program similar to what has been outlined here. Mr. Murphy, I have had no doubt but what you have been fully behind our police force and giving them your full support and not just words. We certainly wish you well in what you are doing.

With regard to recruitment, you said the recruitment pattern herein Washington was the same, and you have talked with people in

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