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industry. It has been accomplished by a form of invasion. I see this as one of the potentials of your proposal. It would encourage the invasion of the city-systems market by those trained in a different context, with a different set of skills and with new attitudes about what was possible and what was not possible to do. I am not sure that the institutions which surround the scientists and engineers who have been working on space and weapons systems can accomplish this invasion, but I would place some confidence in the men themselves. The fact that many of these men are

now unemployed may turn out to be a blessing in disguise If they help to create new concepts, new institutions, and new ways of approaching the problems of

for all of us.

our cities we could begin to make the kind of progress

right here on earth that they have been making so successfully in space for these past fifteen years. We might help to restore to mankind a sense of pride in and reason to hope for his environment which has been so devastated by wars made possible through the awe someness of our inventive genius. Because our knowledge base regarding the relationship of man to his environment physiologically, psychologically, and sociologically is so meager there are several cautions. First, I would suggest that Section 209 be looked at as a broad-based area of research beyond the notion implied by the title "social research". It should be interdisciplinary in the best sense of the word that is it should encourage

the kind of viewpoint which takes a fresh look at the re

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search requirements without the constraints of traditional social science that has so far proved inadequate to the task. The second caution is that this research base should receive a larger portion of the funds in the beginning years of the program in order that the performance requirements for future systems be based on the best possible knowledge rather than be primarily seen as a series of engineering stunts. The third caution is that we recognize the complexity of the relationships between the performance possibilities of the hardware systems we might develop and their consequent impact on the software systems of the city. All urban systems are so interdependent that a major change in one can have a serious impact on all others. For example, a shift to computer-based financial systems (now technically possible) that virtually eliminated money and check transactions, would have an impact on transportation, health care, education, entertainment, etc. There is a tendency to concentrate our engineering skills on one small area, like a better incinerator for garbage dumps, without looking at the larger system first. Large scale systems analysis should be the major skill which presently unemployed space scientists and engineers bring to this opportunity.

We lack the marketing concepts for advance urban systems because we have had so few changes in these systems for the past seventy years. Public and private institutions alike are structured along the lines of the second generation systems.

Thus it is possible to sell new plumbing fixtures to individuals, sewer and water pipe to local authorities, new pumps to the water company, etc., but there is no cus

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tomer for an entirely new system of waste management that was not based on hydraulics. We will need to create new ways of structuring our public and private investment decisions if advanced urban systems are to be any more than research curiosities..

I think that your proposed legislation could open the door to a new period of scientific and engineering exploration that was as exciting as any we have engaged in during the past twenty years. It could make it possible for us to do something substantial about the quality of life in our urban centers. It could give many of our young people who are disenchanted with previous value systems, that saw us invest huge amounts of our nation's wealth and intellectual resources in weapons, space and atomic energy, new kind of hope and enthusiasm to do something about our environment. It could give us all an opportunity to make an investment in the future cities which our children and our children's children will inherit from us.

Statement from Dr. Robert C. Wood, President of the University of Massachusetts and Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

The New Cities Research and Experimentation Act (Amendment 469, S. 32) would make possible an important merger between a long-recognized national need and a new national capability. The need is for new cities; the capability is found in the superb scientific and engineering resources that are being released by the gradual conversion from war to peace.

Students of urban problems have long recognized that an essential step in accommodating population growth without aggravating the present urban condition is to design and build new towns and cities. If carefully done, such a program could do much to shape patterns of population distribution and national land use, and to house the American people in settings that are comfortable, attractive, functional and economically productive. But the planning and design of new cities require sophisticated ability to handle complex issues of technology, of economics, of aesthetics and of human behavior.

The principal source of such talent in this country is to be found in the universities with long traditions of quality research and development, places where all the necessary disciplines come together and where sustained attention to difficult problems is possible.

A combination of foreign and domestic developments has created a situation where much of that talent is now available to

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be employed in the solution of urban problems, provided the appropriate mechanism is created and ample funding arranged. This amendment would establish such a mechanism. Although one right debate which Federal agency is best suited to this purpose, the purpose itself is of the utmost importance. And, by funding it for three years at one billion dollars, this Amendment would provide enough resources to make a major difference in our ability as a nation to design new cities, while also affording badly needed employment to the most highly trained group within

our population.

The two great challenges facing the United States in the present decade are to alleviate our urban problems and to make a successful transition from the deadly prosperity of war to a Condition of peace with full employment. I believe that the recognition of the need for economic conversion embodied in S. 32, and the addition to it of new cities research and experimentation as proposed in this Amendment, represent an immensely promising response to both challenges, and I fully support them.