spread, and disappearance of cholera, pest, yellow fever, etc., and of conveying such information to the parties interested.

A draft of a convention to carry out this object has been voted by the conference in the following manner. (Annex I.)

ART. 5. Bills of health shall be in the form hereto annexed (Annex II). ART. 6. Bills of health shall be delivered at the port of departure by the responsible sanitary agent of the central government. The consul of the country of destination shall have the right to be present at the examination of ships made by the representatives of the territorial government under such rules as may be laid down by international agreement or treaty, and the authority to authenticate the bill of health and to add thereon such remarks as he may deem necessary.

ART. 7. Bills of health granted in compliance with international rules should be issued gratis.

ART. 8. A temporary and scientific sanitary commission shall be created by the nations most directly interested in protecting themselves against yellow fever, and by such others as may wish to take part in this arrangement, to be charged with the duty of studying all matters pertaining to the origin, development, and propagation of that disease. A draft of a convention to carry out this object has been voted by the conference in the following manner. (Annex III.)

ANNEX I

The draft of a convention mentioned in Article 4 above is as follows:

ART. 1. There shall be established in Vienna and Havana a permanent international sanitary agency of notification. The respective governments shall agree among themselves as to the formation of those agencies.

ART. 2. It will be the duty of the agency at Vienna to gather sanitary information from Europe, Asia, and Africa. The agency at Havana will extend its jurisdiction to the American continent and the islands belonging geographically thereto, this system to be subject to such modifications as may be rendered necessary by the state of telegraphic communication.

ART. 3. The contracting governments shall have the right to establish, if necessary, a third agency in Asia.

ART. 4. The governments agreeing to this system of notification will send their sanitary reports to that agency in whose jurisdiction it is. Every agency shall send its notifications to those governments sending sanitary bulletins. The different agencies will exchange the information they receive among themselves, in order that it may be made known to the respective countries belonging to the jurisdiction of each.

ART. 5. There shall be no exceptions to this system, save in cases of extreme emergency. In such cases, however, a government may enter into communication with an agency to whose jurisdiction it does not belong.

ART. 6. In cases of doubt as to the correctness of the bulletins received, the agency is authorized to enter into communication with the respective governments, which will be obliged to furnish as soon as possible the information asked.

ART. 7. In those countries where international sanitary boards exist the agencies shall establish communication with them.

ART. 8. In those countries which have not a perfect sanitary organization, or which have not adopted the conclusions of this conference, the consuls of the contracting Powers shall meet in an international sanitary council, in order to give to the said agencies the information which cannot be obtained from the local authorities.

ART. 9. The governments of Spain and Austria-Hungary shall fix the annual budget of expenses, which they will submit to the participating governments.

ART. 10. The division of expenses between the different governments shall be as follows: Half of the expense will be divided in proportion to the number of population, and the other half in proportion to the amount of tonnage of the merchant marine combined with the commercial maritime value of every country.

ART. 11. The governments of Spain and Austria-Hungary shall submit at the end of every fiscal year the final accounts to every one of the interested governments. ART. 12. The present convention is concluded for the space of ten years. Any government, however, is at liberty to renounce the convention after three years. The right is reserved to make such changes as any one of the governments taking part shall designate.

ANNEX II

[Annex II, the form of the international bill of health, consists of detailed description of the vessel, name of medical officer, number of passengers and crew, name of captain, place from and to, cargo, and like details, followed by mention of sanitary history of the vessel and condition of cargo, crew, passengers, and so on; then much detail about the sanitary condition of the port from which the vessel cleared.]

ANNEX III

The draft of a convention for a temporary scientific sanitary commission is as follows:

ART. 1. A temporary scientific sanitary commission will be established by the nations most deeply interested to protect themselves against yellow fever, and also by such nations as will adhere to these proposals.

ART. 2. The duties of this commission will be:

A. The study and ascertainment of the principal and permanent centers of the morbigene germs of the disease.

B. The conditions which favor its extension, and also the etiology and circumstances which aid its propagation in the respective centers and its diffusion to other countries.

C. The means to be employed to circumscribe more and more its effects, or to eradicate the disease entirely from the regions in which it originates, and from the countries lately attacked.

D. How to prevent transmission by vessels.

E. The best and most practical method of disinfection of ships, their cargoes and passengers.

F. Also everything relating to the prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. ART. 3. The countries which desire to concur in the organization of this scientific commission will agree between themselves as to the instructions to be given to their delegates in order to facilitate their labors.

ART. 4. After having studied on the spot the different questions submitted to its investigations, this commission shall present a collective report indicating the most practical means to attain the end proposed.

No one of the resolutions was adopted unanimously. The most favorable vote was fourteen yeas and four abstentions on No. 8. The least favorable was eleven yeas to seven nays on No. 6.

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On December 3, 1903, there was signed at Paris an international sanitary convention by the plenipotentiaries of the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Switzerland, and Egypt. Officially, the reason for the convention was that these Powers 'deemed it expedient to establish in a single arrangement the measures calculated to safeguard the public health against the invasion. and propagation of plague and cholera." Further, "desiring to revise and supplement the international sanitary conventions at present in force," they agreed to the following provisions, which, from the number and rank of the Powers joining to establish them, must be accorded a place in world law.

TITLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

CHAPTER I. RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE COUNTRIES SIGNING THE CONVENTION, AS SOON AS PLAGUE OR CHOLERA APPEARS IN THEIR TERRITORY Section I. Notification and Subsequent Communications to the Other Countries ART. 1. Each government shall immediately notify the other governments of the first appearance in its territory of authentic cases of plague or cholera. ART. 2. This notification shall be accompanied, or very promptly followed, by particulars regarding:

1. The neighborhood in which the disease has appeared.

2. The date of its appearance, its origin, and its form.

3. The number of established cases and the number of deaths.

4. In case of plague, the existence of plague or of an unusual mortality among rats and mice.

5. The measures immediately taken following this first appearance.

ART. 3. The notification and particulars contemplated in Articles I and 2 shall be sent to the diplomatic or consular offices in the capital of the infected country. In the case of countries not represented there, they shall be transmitted directly by telegraph to the governments of such countries.

ART. 4. The notification and particulars contemplated in Articles 1 and 2 shall be followed by further communications sent regularly so as to keep the governments informed of the progress of the epidemic.

These communications, which shall be sent at least once a week and shall be as complete as possible, shall indicate more particularly the precautions taken to prevent the spread of the disease.

They shall specify: 1, The prophylactic measures applied with regard to sanitary or medical inspection, to isolation, and to disinfection; 2, the measures enforced upon the departure of vessels to prevent the exportation of the disease, and especially, in the case contemplated under No. 4 of Article 2 above, the measures taken against rats.

ART. 5. The prompt and faithful execution of the foregoing provisions is of prime importance.

The notifications are of no real value unless each government is itself opportunely informed of cases of plague and cholera and of doubtful cases occurring in its territory. It cannot therefore be too strongly recommended to the various governments that they make compulsory the announcement of cases of plague and cholera, and that they keep themselves informed of any unusual mortality among rats and mice, especially in ports.

ART. 6. It is understood that neighboring countries reserve the right to make special arrangements with a view to organizing a service of direct information among the heads of frontier departments.

Section II. Conditions which warrant the Consideration of a Territorial Area as being contaminated or as having again become Healthy

ART. 7. The notification of a single case of plague or cholera shall not involve the application, against the territorial area in which it has occurred, of the measures prescribed in Chapter II herein below.

However, when several unimported cases of plague have appeared or when the cholera cases become localized, the area shall be declared contaminated. ART. 8. In order to limit the measures to the stricken regions alone, the governments shall only apply them to arrivals from the contaminated areas. By the word area" is meant a portion of territory definitely specified in the particulars which accompany or follow the notification; for instance, a province, a government, a district, a department, a canton, an island, a commune, a city, a quarter of a city, a village, a port, a polder, a hamlet, etc., whatever be the area and population of these portions of territory.

However, this restriction to the contaminated area shall only be accepted upon the formal condition that the government of the contaminated country take the necessary measures, I, to prevent the exportation of the articles enumerated under

Nos. 1 and 2 of Article 12 and coming from the contaminated area, unless they are previously disinfected; and, 2, to combat the spread of the epidemic.

When an area is contaminated, no restrictive measure shall be taken against arrivals from such area if such arrivals have left it at least five days before the beginning of the epidemic.

ART. 9. In order that an area may be considered as being no longer contaminated, it must be officially ascertained:

1. That there has been neither a death nor a new case of plague or cholera within five days after the isolation,1 death, or cure of the last plague or cholera patient.

2. That all the measures of disinfection have been applied, and, in the case of plague, that the measures against rats have been executed.

CHAPTER II. MEASURES OF DEFENSE BY OTHER COUNTRIES AGAINST TERRITORIES DECLARED TO BE CONTAMINATED

Section I. Publication of the Prescribed Measures

ART. 10. The government of each country is obliged to publish immediately the measures which it believes necessary to prescribe with regard to arrivals from a contaminated country or territorial area.

It shall at once communicate this publication to the diplomatic or consular officer of the contaminated country residing in its capital, as well as to the international boards of health.

It shall likewise be obliged to make known through the same channels the revocation of these measures or any modifications which may be made therein. In default of a diplomatic or consular office in the capital, the communications shall be made directly to the government of the country concerned.

Section II. Merchandise; Disinfection; Importation and Transit; Baggage

ART. 11. No merchandise is capable by itself of transmitting plague or cholera. It only becomes dangerous when contaminated by plague or cholera products.

ART. 12. Disinfection shall only be applied to merchandise and articles which the local health authority considers to be contaminated.

However, the merchandise or articles enumerated below may be subjected to disinfection or even prohibited entry independently of any proof that they are or are not contaminated :

1. Body linen, clothing worn (wearing apparel), and bedding which has been used.

When these articles are being transported as baggage or as a result of a change of residence (household goods), they shall not be prohibited and are subject to the provisions of Article 19.

1 By "isolation" is meant the isolation of the patient and of the persons attending him permanently, and the prohibition of visits by any other person.