the instruments of ratification, shall be at once sent by the Netherland government, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers invited to the second peace conference, as well as to the other Powers which have adhered to the convention. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph the said government shall inform them at the same time of the date on which it received the notification. ART. 30. Nonsignatory Powers may adhere to the present convention.

The Power which desires to adhere notifies in writing its intention to the Netherland government, forwarding to it the act of adhesion, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said government.

That government shall at once transmit to all the other Powers a duly certified copy of the notification as well as of the act of adhesion, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.

ART. 31. The present convention shall come into force, in the case of the Powers which were a party to the first deposit of the ratifications, sixty days after the date of the procès-verbal of that deposit, and, in the case of the Powers who ratify subsequently or who adhere, sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their adhesion has been received by the Netherland government.

ART. 32. In the event of one of the contracting Powers wishing to denounce the present convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Netherland government, who shall at once communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other Powers, informing them of the date on which it was received. The denunciation shall only have effect in regard to the notifying Power, and one year after the notification has been made to the Netherland government.

ART. 33. A register kept by the Netherland ministry for foreign affairs shall give the date of the deposit of ratifications made by virtue of Article 29, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which the notifications of adhesion (Article 30, paragraph 2) or of denunciation (Article 32, paragraph 1) have been received.

Each contracting Power is entitled to have access to this register and to be supplied with duly certified extracts.

In faith whereof the plenipotentiaries have appended their signatures to the present convention.

Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Netherland government, and duly certified copies of which shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers which have been invited to the second peace conference.

DECLARATION PROHIBITING THE DISCHARGE OF PROJECTILES

AND EXPLOSIVES FROM BALLOONS

The undersigned, plenipotentiaries of the Powers invited to the second international peace conference at The Hague, duly authorized to that effect by their governments,

Inspired by the sentiments which found expression in the Declaration of St. Petersburg of the 29th November (11th December), 1868, and being desirous of renewing the declaration of The Hague of the 29th July, 1899, which has now expired,

Declare:

The contracting Powers agree to prohibit, for a period extending to the close of the third peace conference, the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons or by other new methods of a similar nature.

The present declaration is only binding on the contracting Powers in case of war between two or more of them.

It shall cease to be binding from the time when, in a war between the contracting Powers, one of the belligerents is joined by a noncontracting Power. The present declaration shall be ratified as soon as possible.

The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.

A procès-verbal shall be drawn up recording the receipt of the ratifications, of which a duly certified copy shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to all the contracting Powers.

Nonsignatory Powers may adhere to the present declaration. To do so, they must make known their adhesion to the contracting Powers by means of a written notification addressed to the Netherland government and communicated by it to all the other contracting Powers.

In the event of one of the high contracting parties denouncing the present declaration, such denunciation shall not take effect until a year after the notification made in writing to the Netherland government and forthwith communicated by it to all the other contracting Powers.

This denunciation shall only have effect in regard to the notifying Power. In faith whereof the plenipotentiaries have appended their signatures to the present declaration.

Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Netherland government, and duly certified copies of which shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to the contracting Powers.

Prior to the germs of modern arbitration and not at all a cause of them, apparently, were certain instances of arbitration in Greece. The American Journal of International Law of April, 1911, p. 465, says:

"Instances of arbitration were comparatively frequent in ancient Greece, treaties of arbitration were concluded, and arbitral procedure outlined strikingly similar to the procedure of the present day. Even the tribunal of five judges was known to Greece, and a remarkable instance of arbitration is furnished in the settlement of a controversy between Prienè and Samos some two hundred and forty years before Christ."

Points of this case are given as taken from Newton's Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum," edited by the Reverend E. L. Hicks,

CHAPTER VI

WORLD LAW CONCERNING NAVIGATION

An international marine conference was held in Washington, D.C., from October 16 to December 31, 1899, inclusive, upon the invitation of the United States of America. Twenty-eight nations participated. They were as follows, with the number of their representatives respectively: Austria-Hungary, two; Belgium, one; Brazil, two; Chile, two; China, three; Costa Rica, one; Denmark, two; France, five; Germany, five; Great Britain, nine; Guatemala, one; Hawaii, one; Honduras, one; Italy, one; Japan, two; Mexico, two; Netherlands, three; Nicaragua, one; Norway, two; Portugal, one; Russia, one; Siam, one; Spain, two; Sweden, one; Turkey, one; Uruguay, one; Venezuela, two; United States, eight; 64 in all.

The Final Act of the conference shows what action was taken upon each of the general divisions of subjects which were taken up for consideration. In some instances no action whatever was recommended. In other instances recommendations were made in much detail. Such of these as have been ratified by a sufficient number of nations are to be regarded as the will of the world upon the matter in question, and therefore the recommendations have come to have the status of world law. Summarizing the Final Act, it is noted that under the head of General Division 1,-"Marine signals or other means of plainly indicating the direction in which vessels are moving in fog, mist, falling snow, and thick weather, and at night," the conference adopted a resolution whose opening words are these: "that in the opinion of the conference it is inexpedient to adopt course-indicating sound signals in foggy or thick weather."

Under the head of Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, is given the following body of recommendation, which has become law by ratification by the nations; and it will be noticed that the word "shall" is used as if there were compulsory power behind the declaration.

PRELIMINARY

These rules shall be followed by all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith, navigable by seagoing vessels.

In the following rules every steam vessel which is under sail and not under steam is to be considered a sailing vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam vessel.

The word "steam-vessel" shall include any vessel propelled by machinery.

A vessel is "under way" within the meaning of these rules when she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

Rules concerning Lights, etc.

The word "visible" in these rules, when applied to lights, shall mean visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere.

ART. 1. The rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited.

ART. 2. A steam vessel when under way shall carry :

(a) On or in front of the foremast, or, if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore part of the vessel, at a height above the hull of not less than 20 feet, and if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 20 feet, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so, however, that the light need not be carried at a greater height above the hull than 40 feet, a bright white light, so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 20 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light 10 points on each side of the vessel, viz., from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least five miles.

(b) On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles.

(c) On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles.

(d) The said green and red side lights shall be fitted with inboard screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.

(e) A steam vessel when under way may carry an additional white light similar in construction to the light mentioned in subdivision (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that one shall be at least 15 feet higher than the other and in such a position with reference to the other that the lower light shall be forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between these lights I shall be less than the horizontal distance.

ART. 3. A steam vessel when towing another vessel shall, in addition to her side lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light six feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed, exceeds 600 feet. Each of these lights shall be of the same construction and character, and shall be carried in the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2, (a), except the additional light, which may be carried at a height of not less than 14 feet above the hull.

Such steam vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel or after mast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not be visible forward of the beam.

ART. 4 (a). A vessel which from an accident is not under command shall carry at the same height as the white light mentioned in Article 2, (a), where they can best be seen, and if a steam vessel in lieu of that light, two red lights, in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, and, of such a character as to be visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least two miles; and shall by day carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, where they can best be seen, two black balls or shapes, each two feet in diameter.

(b) A vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable shall carry in the same position as the white light mentioned in Article 2, (a), and if a steam vessel in lieu of that light, three lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red, and the middle light shall be white, and they shall be of such a character as to be visible all round the horizon, at a distance of at least two miles. By day she shall carry in a vertical line one over the other, not less than six feet apart, where they can best be seen, three shapes not less than two feet in diameter, of which the highest and lowest shall be globular in shape and red in color, and the middle one diamond in shape and white.

(c) The vessels referred to in this article, when not making way through the water, shall not carry the side lights, but when making way shall carry them.

(d) The lights and shapes required to be shown by this article are to be taken by other vessels as signals that the vessel showing them is not under command and cannot therefore get out of the way.

These signals are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Article 31.

ART. 5. A sailing vessel under way and any vessel being towed shall carry the same lights as are prescribed by Article 2 for a steam vessel under way, with the exception of the white lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry.

ART. 6. Whenever, as in the case of small vessels under way during bad weather, the green and red side lights cannot be fixed, these lights shall be kept at hand, lighted and ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in