telligent and moral side of home life. Household art teaches the power of bringing beauty and harmony from the inexpensive and common surroundings. Hygiene considers the health of the individual and the family. In laundering instruction is given in washing, ironing, starching, polishing, cleaning and pressing clothing. Physical culture takes the place of military drill. Social culture seeks to develop ease and tact.

Success of the school has exceeded all expectations. It started in 1888-89 with an attendance of forty-seven, which has increased each successive year, and at the present we have now in all the departments of agriculture four hundred and thirteen students. The number of graduates is one hundred and eighty-six. A class of thirty-four will graduate the coming spring. A number of the graduates of the School of Agriculture have also graduated from the four-year agricultural college course in the university. Three of these graduates have been entrusted with responsible positions as superintendents of subexperiment farms in different portions of the State-T. A. Hoverstad, superintendent of the Northwest Experiment Farm at Crookston; Herman H. Chapman, of the Northeast Experiment Farm at Grand Rapids, and Wm. G. Smith, of the Coteau Farm, in Lyon county. There are twenty-three graduates of the School of Agriculture who are now taking the agricultural college course in the university.

Nearly all the graduates of the School of Agriculture are engaged at the present time in farming. From the encouraging reports received of the success of these scientifically trained young farmers, there is good reason to hope for great improvement in the methods and conditions of the farmers as the result of the School of Agriculture.

THE FACTORY DAIRY SCHOOL.

OFFICERS AND INSTRUCTORS.

CYRUS NORTHROP, LL. D., President.

WILLIAM M. LIGGETT, Dean.

T. L. HAECKER, Professor of Dairy Husbandry, in charge of School.
HARRY SNYDER, B. S., Dairy Chemistry.

OTTO LUGGER, Ph. D., Bacteria in Dairy Products.

W. M. HAYS, M. S., Forage and Pastures.

M. H. REYNOLDS, M. D., V. M., Diseases of the Dairy Cow.

J. A. VYE, Creamery Records and Accounts.

WM. ROBERTSON, B. S., Care of Boiler and Engine.

C. R. ALDRICH, Dairy Buildings.

J. M. DREW, Silo and Stable Conveniences.

B. D. WHITE, Instructor in Creamery Work.

A. J. GLOVER, Instructor in Cheese Making.

WM. Boss, Instructor in Practical Engineering.

E. W. MAJOR, Instructor in Sweet Curd Cheese Work.

N. H. FULTON, Assistant in Creamery Work.

L. R. HOBART, Assistant in Creamery.

H. C. HAECKER, Instructor in Dairy Laboratory.

The Dairy School is designed to furnish special instruction to persons who are engaged in the manufacture of butter or cheese on the factory plan. Special attention is given to the demands of the domestic and foreign markets; the economical production of milk; the chemistry of milk; factory accounts; care and management of meadows; creamery work, including the care of milk, creaming, ripening cream, churning and packing for market; pasteurizing milk; bacteria in the dairy; care and management of engines, boilers and other machinery; construction of silos, barns and other dairy

buildings; and the diseases common to the dairy cow and their treatment. Daily practice work and training are given in operating creamery and cheese factory, scoring dairy products, making butter and cheese of various popular brands, such as cheddar, Swiss, brick, Gouda and Edam; and laboratory practice in testing milk, cream and whey.

EXPERIMENT STATION.

OFFICERS OF THE STATION.

WM. M. LIGGETT, Director.

WILLET M. HAYS, M. Agr., Agriculturist.

SAMUEL B. GREEN, B. S., Horticulturist.

OTTO LUGGER, Ph. D., Entomologist and Botanist.

HARRY SNYDER, B. S., Chemist.

T. L. HAECKER, Dairy Husbandry.

M. H. REYNOLDS, M. D., V. M., Veterinarian.

THOMAS SHAW, Animal Husbandry.

ANDREW BOSs, Assistant in Agriculture, University Farm.

R. S. MACKINTOSH, Assistant in Horticulture, University Farm.
J. A. VYE, Secretary.

SUBEXPERIMENT FARMS.-OFFICERS.

WM. M. LIGGETT, Director.

T. A. HOVERSTAD, Superintendent at Crookston.

H. H. CHAPMAN, Superintendent at Grand Rapids.
WM. G. SMITH, Superintendent at Lynd.

The Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station is a part of the depart ment of agriculture of the University of Minnesota, and was organized in 1888. During the eleven years of its existence many valuable experiments have been conducted, and fifty-nine bulletins have been issued; thirteen have been published during the last two years, twenty thousand copies of each issue (excepting 53 and 55, the former seventeen thousand, the latter fourteen thousand), making over nineteen million two hundred thousand pages, giving the results of investigations and observations made by the station staff.

The experiment station has made great progress since the last biennial report, and is recognized as a most useful institution. Our farmers have learned to look to it for advice on many subjects of vital interest. The station makes new varieties of wheat, corn and of other crops, which yield better than those heretofore used. The increased yield per acre of wheat, as our experiments are showing, means a great deal to our farmers.

Our agricultural department teaches how to increase the profits of the farm by a proper rotation of crops. It has done much valuable work in the growing of sugar beets, how to plant, cultivate, and cost of cultivation.

The entomologist is engaged in different lines of work. Like all members of the station staff, he instructs during the winter classes in the college and school of agriculture. He also aids in the control of plant diseases and insect pests.

The line of work which has been most productive of good results in the division of horticulture and forestry has been in connection with the experi-ments and studies made in the growing of apples in Minnesota and in the introduction of hardy timber and ornamental trees and shrubs.

In the division of agricultural chemistry the main features of the work have been soils and human food investigations. Particular attention is being paid to the question of soil fertility and the various natural ways by which the fertility may be maintained. In human food work the actual values of our common food products are considered and numerous digestion experi

STATE INSTITUTIONS.

ments made to determine the amount of work capable of being performed by different foods.

In the division of dairy husbandry, the first series of the work of the cost of production has been completed so far as it has reference to the commercial aspect, but further investigation is needed for a better understanding of animal nutrition. To this end experiments are being continued in the line of food maintenance for the dairy cow and the nutriments available in the different kinds of grain and forage at different stages of growth. A series of experiments in breeding dairy stock, with a view of establishing a uniformity of type and adaptability for economical dairy work, has been in progress, and promises gratifying results.

In the division of animal husbandry experiments have been conducted on growing and fattening cattle, sheep and swine, and in growing pastures other than grass for sheep in summer and fodders other than grass to provide food for winter. Other important experiments have been instituted, notably an extensive one relating to the growing of bacon from various breeds and grades of swine.

The veterinarian has paid his special attention to hog cholera, which has been the most serious disease among the farm stock. The presence of this disease has been continuously diminishing the past two years, and it is believed that much good has been accomplished. The work in bovine tuberculosis has been continued, and a bulletin (51) of seventy-four pages, "Bovine Tuberculosis," has been issued. This bulletin was given a flattering reception by the veterinary profession and medical journals of America.

The substations established by an act of the legislature in 1895 are beginning to be useful, and the farmers in the respective portions of the State are taking a great interest in the experiments and work done.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS.

The normal school system of the State was inaugurated by the legislature of 1858, making provision for the organization of three schools, upon donations from localities desiring the schools of five thousand dollars from each locality. Under this law schools were established at Winona, Mankato and St. Cloud; and in 1885 a fourth school was located at Moorhead, conditioned upon a donation of an appropriate site therefor.

The total enrollment in normal classes for 1898 was 1,825. Fully fifty per cent of this number were children of farmers and two-thirds of the remainder were children of mechanics and laborers.

The normal schools stand in relations of closest contact and sympathy with the rural schools. The majority of the students enter direct from the rural schools and a large proportion support themselves by alternately teaching in the rural schools and attending the normal schools as means and circumstances permit. Thus they bring from their experience as actual teachers a devotion and zeal for professional studies which few other students possess, and in turn carry back to their teaching in rural schools a better preparation, newer methods, higher ideals and greater skill in their chosen work.

THE NORMAL SCHOOL AT WINONA.

This school was opened in September, 1860, with John Ogden as principal, in a building furnished free of cost by the city. The appropriation for that year was $1,500. The school was full, and continued a year and a half; but, the war coming on, it was closed, and its principal went into the army.

In 1864 the legislature appropriated $3,000 for the current expenses of that year, and $5,000 for 1865; and the same sum annually thereafter.

In November, 1864, the school was reopened in the building at first furnished by the city, W. F. Phelps being its able and efficient principal. The building was very unsuitable for a school constantly growing in popularity and increasing in numbers, and work on the state edifice was commenced, and finally so far completed that the school was removed into it in September, 1869. It was finished in 1870.

Professor Phelps resigned in 1876, and was succeeded by Charles A. Morey, who served until 1879, when he resigned to enter upon the practice of the law. Under his administration the course of study was very much advanced and the professional course for graduates of high schools inaugurated. In June of the same year Prof. Irwin Shepard began his long and successful career as executive head of the institution. His term of service, which was coincident with the latter half of the school's history, closed on the acceptance of his resignation October 1, 1898. The entire period of Dr. Shepard's administration was marked by steady numerical growth, by inauguration and