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importance to the sewerage system, and we have our general sewerage system pretty well planned, that the commissioners footed a hundred thousand of this $175,000.00 or $180,000.00 from the sewerage funds of the City of Dallas provided the property owners allowed the city to build the sewer of the necessary size to take care of the future. Now that is the way in which Dallas is getting around the proposition of having the suburbs and outside territory come in without adequate sewerage facilities. We are augmenting the amounts that may be necessary to so increase to the lines, and to so add to the lines as to make them an integral part of our system, and an adequate part of the same.

MR. CORSON: One word, Mr. President. I don't know that I was specific enough in my own query, that this contiguous territory, that is built up within the township, their taxes do not come in the town, and our people are averse to building the sewers large enough to take care of outside territory and that at the municipality's expense. I do not know whether I brought that out or not. Then the question has been raised if they are annexed in the future as a part of the town by vote, as would be required on both sides, would they then pay for it? It would be rather late to ask them at that time to assist in paying for this extra size sewer construction. That is the point our home people raised, that they should not be compelled to pay for the extra size sewer to take care of the township, because their taxes do not come into our municipality, because they are in the outside territory; but the State Board seemed to think it was entirely up to us to do it.

MR. HORNER: I would like to ask Mr. Corson if this is sanitary or storm sewers.

MR. CORSON: These are sanitary sewers; not storm sewers.

MR. HORNER: It seems to me in the case of storm sewers that the city could not afford to do anything but build an extra large outlet, because the storms might damage the city itself. In the case of the sanitary sewers it might be possible with adequate laws to force these outlying districts or communities to put in purification works, and add only relatively to the outlying city sewer system. I would like to add to Mr. Kingsley's explanation, though, that in St. Louis we are doing just the things Mr.

Corson asks about. We are building sewers up to the limits of the city so as to take drainage, both storm and sanitary, from the outlying districts. We are building full size, paying the whole cost, and in one minor instance have received small remuneration from an outside community, which wished to use that service. We expect eventually under some plan to get a pro rata return from all of that outlying area, but this is not assured. There is one legal provision which has been put into the St. Louis, and I guess a good many of the Missouri laws, recognizing this situation and providing for the recovery by the city of a portion of the charge properly made against areas now outside of the city limits in case of annexation. One of the statutes providing for main sewers requires the city to pay the assessment on that area lying outside of its limits; it provides further if that area comes at any time within the city an assessment may be made against the property.

SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE PROJECT OF DES MONIES,

IOWA

By K. C. Kastberg, City Engineer, Des Moines, Iowa.

Gentlemen, the sewerage and drainage projects under which the City of Des Moines is attempting to handle a very vital matter, is analogous to that which you find in practically every city in the Midwest, which is of such recent growth that you might say we are still in our swaddling clothes. I rather like to make a comparison between a city of our type and a boy who is in the stage of highwater pants, and is just about ready to cast off the short ones and not quite ready to take on the long ones. So he gets on as best he can with his highwater pants.

The first attempt at a general sewer system was made in about 1884, when our city had about 6 square miles of area. The section that you now recognize after having ridden over the city as what we would call the loop district or the business district, was 2 miles in width north and south, and slightly over three miles in length east and west. The territory was practically all of a level character. Our contours would indicate that the maximum on the flat was about 40 feet above datum, the said datum being the point of confluence of the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers. That, as compared with sea level, is about 747 feet above sea level. The immediate territory inside of the city that was of what we might call high rolling character, was at an elevation of about 100 feet on the outskirts. In the planning of the sewer system at that time the thought was, and the thought at the present time, of having combined storm water and sanitary systems, so that throughout the business district in both East and West Des Moines our principal sewerage is of quite adequate size and arranged to take care of the storm waters as well as the sanitary sewerage.

For a number of years these sewers emptied directly into the stream, the principal streets being east and west, and the stream running north and south-or rather running south -yet the sewers emptied directly into the stream with all

of the consequent discomforts that attach to an arrangement of that kind. As time went on and they saw the necessity for abating the nuisances, anticipating sewers were constructed and built, and these were of rather pretentious size and type. A marginal sewer was begun at the confluence of the two rivers, one in West Des Moines, and one in East Des Moines, which anticipated these feeding sewers. However, even at that time it was realized that in times of heavy downfall, heavy rains, the fact that the hills were so abrupt and discharged the water with such terrific velocity onto the flat that any type of anticipating sewer would be stressed beyond its proper capacity and the old outlets were converted into overflows, so arranged that when the waters arose to a certain height in the anticipating sewer they would discharge over weirs and find their way to the river proper. In the development of the city, however, 1888 and 1889, urban population was seeking entrance into the city, and they made one grand swath of the whole matter and incorporated the adjacent properties, and the adjacent territory outside of the city and took in the area which we now have, which is 9 miles long east and west and 6 miles wide, north and south, or 54 square miles. The population at that time, about 1888, was slightly over 26,000-I mean the original city, and with the accretion that was brought about by this expansion, the population jumped to about 54,000, so that in 1890 we had about 54,000 people. The city began to take on numbers quite rapidly, so that in 1900 we had 86,000, and in 1910 we had about 118,000. At the present time our population is approximately 145,000 plus. That is not considering the small settlements that are adjacent on the outside border. And we are finding now small towns spring up on the outside borders, which, if included or incorporated into the city, might be reasonably expected to furnish maybe 2,000 more population. how we have attempted to meet some of these problems. ToNeighbors always have things in common, and as they live and have their being these things have got to be taken account of, and just as you have been discussing the question of neighborhood and adjacent sewers, we are now confronted with the same problem of taking care of the things that our neighbors have, so that as I mention some of the systems we are going to point out on our chart, you will see

how we have attempted to meet some of these problems. Topographically the City of Des Moines is divided into three. principal water sheds, and these are in turn subdivided into a number of smaller ones, but taking the general topography of the city if we were to trace the flat lands in this manner (indicating), you would find that practically all of that falls within two planes that are separated by about ten feet. That is an elevation of 30 to 40 and 45. In the perusal of this ' contour map I don't know that you can see the lighter lines, but I will try to follow them with the pointer. We have enclosed within this border that runs from 160 to 200 feet in height above the general plane of the city-I mean the flats. Over in East Des Moines it does not get as high. We have about 140 as our peak height in East Des Moines. Over in South Des Moines we have practically 180 again. So that you see within the confines of that area of 54 square miles you have quite an abrupt area and quite a large area of flat territory. Those two things present problems of especial difficulty due to the fact that when heavy rains comeand they are very heavy; we have had as much as 2.5 to 3 inches of rainfall occur in a few hours. And any system that we would attempt to arrange, wherein we would take off this great storm water would assume gigantic proportions. For the further reason that it has to travel over a considerable length of flat land before it finds its outlet. I am going to go over this rapidly because it is only the general features that I want to try to bring to your attention, and I will describe the progress of the several systems. In colors here we have presented each one of the systems as they were developed, and have designated them by name. What is known as the East Des Moines Anticipating Sewer outlet at the junction and traverses the bank of this stream (indicating) and eventually followed it out until it is practically bordering the entire east side north of the confluence of the rivers. Naturally in the business section the large sewers take care of things very nicely, but as the development of the city oc curred you find areas which were not tributary to that, and had to have another outlet. So that the system was devised in here which discharges down into the vicinity of the stockyards, and was intended originally to take in all this area in here (indicating). Unfortunately, as sometimes happens, the

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