tools and material, but haul a trailer as well. The Sewer Department is well pleased with the type of equipment and feel that it is serviceable and economical.

TRAILERS USED BY BUREAU OF ELECTRICAL SERVICE

The flexibility of the trailer collection is further extended to serve the needs of the Bureau of Electrical Service. The concrete electric light poles supporting the units for lighting the streets are hauled to the job from the storage yard on a specially constructed highway trailer, as shown by one of the accompanying photographs. The holes into which these concrete poles are set are dug by groups in advance. Standard side dump trailers are spotted near a group of these holes and the excess dirt is thrown into the trailer. Tractor trucks are then sent out to pick up the loaded trailers and haul them to the dump.

Also, the crushed stone, used as backfill after each concrete pole is set in position, is hauled and dumped near each hole by our standard trailer. While this Bureau has lighter trucks for use within their department, these trucks are usually loaded with tools and various equipment necessary. Therefore, the standard side dump trailers have proven decidedly advantageous for use within this Bureau for hauling the heavier and bulky material, principally excess dirt and crushed stone.

ly placed and loaded with all excess material, such as dirt, old concrete, paving blocks, etc. These trailers are also used to haul new material to the various crews scattered about the city doing repair work.

MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

In 1924 an independent department was created to operate, repair and maintain a large per cent of municipal equipment for the city. This department is called the Bureau of Municipal Equipment and its head is directly responsible to the Commissioner of Public Works.

This Bureau maintains nearly all of the movable equipment for the city and controls the distribution or assignment of all vehicles under its jurisdiction. The various departments using the equipment are charged the standard rates of Fifty Cents ($0.50) per day for each trailer and Seven Dollars ($7.00) per day for each five-ton tractor truck, the wages of driver and helper not being included. A schedule of rates, based upon mileage and time, is also in effect for all classes of passenger vehicles as well as for different types of trucks. A dispatcher is on duty in this Bureau to receive all requests for trucks and trailers, concrete mixers and other equipment, to assign units to different work, keep a record of the location of each piece of equipment at all times, and regulate the operation of the units. All passenger vehicles are housed and repaired by this Bureau. A large repair shop is maintained where major repairs are made for all the heavy equipment. At the present time this Bureau operates four service stations where trailers and trucks are housed and greased and minor repairs are made. It is the intention of the Commissioner of Public Works to construct a number of service stations throughout the city where equipment may be housed, cleaned, and repaired without necessitating a long trip to some central garage.

General

From the experience of operating the trailer system of collection for the past two years, I am firmly convinced that our system is difficult to excel. It has proven satisfactory because of the fine service rendered, the lowered cost of collection, and the ease of operation. Further, the great flexibility of the system permits the use of the equipment for a great variety of work, all for which the trailers are readily adaptable.

DISCUSSION

CHAIRMAN POOLE: We are indebted to Mr. Stoelting for this very complete paper. I think it will make a very interesting addition to our proceedings, as it is accompanied by a number of photographs and tables which we have not been able to show. A MEMBER: Mr. Chairman, wouldn't it be a good thing to pass that paper around so that everybody could see it?

MR. MACALLUM: Mr. Chairman, a few years ago I wrote a number of cities to try to collect data on the collection of garb age and I accumulated considerable misleading information, which I found out afterwards when I visited these cities. I took it up personally with the different men at these places. Also I have found many of the papers presented here on this subject have been very vague. That is, they took the subject up generally, probably because of conditions peculiar to themselves that they thought would not be applicable to other people; they did not put in sufficient costs, or unit costs. Another reason was that the subject of garbage collection has been in the hands of those generally who were not versed in keeping cost data. Now these papers, so far, you will notice have been for large cities, where the same methods could not be applied to smaller cities. I have brought some figures with me which I will give you as near as possible representing unit costs for smaller cities. Take the situation at Ottawa, Canada, a city of 125,000 population, cost $95,000 a year, one week collection throughout the year, with the exception of about a mile square in the center of the city where a second collection is made with three carts, and costs $5.60 per cart in that area, in a business and apartment house area. There are 15 teams on an average throughout the year. That is in the summer time it would run down to 10 and in the winter time run up to 20. Six carts throughout the year. The wagons used by this city are peculiar in various ways. Six yards capacity water level, and carry about 7 yards. In the second place it has a back dump; that is, there are five chains fastened to the back along the bottom of the wagon box, with cross-chains every 18 inches up to an evener in front. A canvas is laid on that. When the wagons get to the dump they are backed down there, and there is a cable fastened to the front evener and the load tilted over backwards clear of the wheels. We patented that device, but it didn't hold.

Horses were needed of 1,500 pounds weight and up, because you can realize on any kind of a grade where these wagons carry 6,000 pounds weight sometimes, you have got to have that weight. The teamsters' wages are 58 cents an hour, two loaders with each wagon; 50 cents a loader. The carts are used only on the outskirts of the city and the $5.60 included all the costs. It was an eight-hour day and the average weight of the load was 6,000 pounds. Now the average haul was about a mile and a half to the dumps, and I found through working it out that you can haul with horses cheaper than you can with trucks and trailers up to between two miles or two and a half miles. These wagons having from three quarters to a mile and a half haul, the teams will average four and a quarter trips a day. And hauling about 4.2 tons. During last year the total number of tons collected was 53,000. of $1.15 per ton. The cost per house per year taking about 26,000 places of collection, was $3.64. The cost per house per week, 6.9 cents. There is one point here too, in the older cities, that makes a difference in the cost of your garbage collection. That is the matter of alleyways and lanes. Comparing the city of Ottawa with the City of Hamilton, Ontario, where the topography is somewhat similar and about the same population, the City of Hamilton has alleyways and lanes throughout the city, and Ottawa none. As a consequence, assuming the same equipment and the same service, the City of Hamilton can collect their garbage 35 per cent cheaper on account of having these lanes and alleyways.

That is an average cost

MR. POOLE: Is there any further discussion?

MR. JOHN KLORER: Mr. Chairman, before we get away from the subject matter of the last paper I think it might be advisable to bring out the facts that while it is recognized as elementary that picking up of garbage by truck is not economical for the reason that the truck is a fast-moving vehicle, and the "stop and start" duty that is required of that sort of equipment can better be supplied with teams and wagons, at the same time I would like to bring to the notice of the members that an electrical truck does not possess this disadvantage. We have quite a number of industries in New Orleans that have discontinued the wagon and the mule for making house. to house deliveries, and electric trucks are being used at a very cheap cost of maintenance and cheap cost of service.

EQUIPMENT FOR THE COLLECTION OF GARBAGE AND

OTHER REFUSE MATERIALS

By Paul Patton, Contractor, Kansas City, Mo.

My subject is: "Equipment for the Collection of Garbage and Other Refuse Materials." I will try to stick to the text. Time permits but a superficial discussion of this subject. It is impossible to make any comparison of operating costs of the different systems in vogue. If time did permit, we might make a study of statistical data on each system and thus arrive at some conclusion. It does not permit, however, even an enumeration of details, much less a comparative discussion of advantages or disadvantages of the different systems.

There are four general systems in vogue for collecting municipal refuse:

1. All horse-drawn wagons.

2. All motor trucks.

3. A combination of horse-drawn wagons and motor trucks. 4. Trailers pulled by horses while collecting and by tractors. while transporting garbage from route to disposal point.

The collection of municipal refuse divides itself into two distinet parts:

1. The actual picking up of the material and placing it within the collection vehicle.

2. The transportation of the loaded vehicle from the area where the collection is made to the point where the vehicle is unloaded.

The first part of the entire operation is designated "primary collection." The second part of the operation is "transportation." The "primary collection" is concerned solely with a house to house service within the limited area usually assigned to two men. The transportation part of the operation may be a large part of it, or it may be a small part, depending upon whether the collection area is adjacent to, or a long distance away from the point where the vehicle of the primary collection is unloaded.

The writer has been engaged in the transportation business for the past fifteen years. He believes that the tendency of