given defective scales in which to discover the defects. For other positions other examinations are used. A part of the examination of the Director of Food Inspection was to "outline a plan for the organization of an inspection force for the proper control of the food supply of a city of 4,500,000 on a budget allowance of $230,000." For many positions the written examination is not all-conclusive. Other elements are taken into serious consideration-education, experience, character, etc. When a vacancy arises the three names standing highest on the lists are certified as eligible for appointment. From these the appointing officer may take his choice. This, to some extent, is a departure from the merit principle, but it has been justified upon the ground that the examination does not reveal a man's full character. In the old days, when an examination meant a written examination, nothing more, there was without doubt justification for the procedure. How much justification remains in those jurisdictions where the examinations have been worked out with scientific precision, is open to question. By these means, to some degree at least, partisan considerations in appointments have been minimized, and the unqualified have been barred out. The work of the commission does not end here, however. Only under a system in which the employees receive equal pay for equal work, in which promotion takes place for merit, and in which promotion is reasonably rapid, can the Government hope to attract, or hold, men of high calibre. Hence the task of the civil service commissions has been to produce these conditions in the Government employ. The result has been that movements for reclassification, that is, ironing out the differences in pay and work which everywhere remain as vestiges of the spoils system, have been under way. Efficiency records have been introduced. Transfers from one department to another when openings in the upper ranges of the serv ice occur, have been made possible. And agitation for a retirement system has become widespread. Although it cannot be said that all the problems that confront civil service commissions have by any means been solved, nevertheless it can be said that the civil service system has already proved itself infinitely superior to the spoils system. And that wherever it has had adequate support, it is on the high road to the solution of the problems which still confront it. Suggested Reading Mayers, Lewis. The Federal Service. (1922) INDEX acceptance speech, 71. administration, 189 ff. administrative efficiency, grant-in-aid a stimulus to, 99. administrative reorganization, 201 ff. agriculture, departments of, 99. ambassadors, 92. amendment clause of Federal Constitution, 87. amendments, to Federal Constitution, 95. Annapolis convention, 79. Anti-Saloon League, 10, 36. apportionment of delegates, 61; of representatives, 153. Articles of Confederation, 77 ff. attainder, bill of, 120. Baldwin, 83. Ballots, samples from some recent elections, 23 ff. Bedford, 82. biases, political, 4. bi-cameralism, 180 ff., analysis of arguments for, 181 ff. bill, introduction, 162 ff.; committee assignment, 164; action on, in committee, 168; calendar, 169; debate on, 177, 9; vote, 178; bill of attainder, 120. bill of rights, 119. Boots, Ralph S., 116. boss, the political, 55. bureaucracy, grant-in-aid conducive to development of, 102. business, See commerce and industry. cabinet, 158, 181, 184 ff. campaigns, 1880, 31; 1900, 31; 1920, 32. campaign, presidential, 71 ff. caucus, 165. centralization, 102, 135. Chamber of Commerce, 36 ff. Chamberlain-Kahn Act, 99. charters, optional, 133. checks and balances, 113 ff.; application of theory, 115; effect cities, forms of government, 137 ff., weak-mayor-council form, 137 ff.; strong-mayor-council form, 140 ff.; commission form, city-state relations, 128 ff.; general laws required, 133 ff.; city executives: weak mayor, 195; strong mayor, 195; commis- civil service, 51, 207; spoils system, 208; charges against spoils closure rule in Senate, 179. commerce and business, federal control over, 92, 94, 105. committees, action of, frequently decisive, 164; choice of chair- conference committee, 180 ff. Congress, committees of, 162 ff.; choice of, 165; choice of chair- Congressional committee, chart I. Congress, misrepresentation in, 153 ff. Congress, control of foreign relations, 92; power over national Constitution, Federal: the movement for, 77; the convention of Constitution, Federal: persists unchanged, 86; amending proc- constitutions, state, 107. convention, presidential nominating, 60 ff.; apportionment of dele- coördinators, 204 ff. corruption, political, 55. Corwin, E. S., 79. county committee, chart I. county government, 136. criminal procedure, 120. debate, in Congress, 177; in state legislatures, 178; in state democracy, 3; in relation to the ballot, 21; in relation to judicial review, 122. Democratic party, 10, 31, 32, 42, 43, 44, 61, 69, 153, 154. |