and July Valera was received in America with great enthusiasm by Americans of Irish birth and ancestry. He visited a number of large cities and was received by numerous public officials and often hailed as 'President" de Valera. During June Sir Horace Plunkett submitted a plan for setting up a "dominion" government in Ireland similar to that of Canada. - The labor situation in the United Kingdom has been the most critical one with which the Government has had to deal. At times it appeared as though the contending factions would come to blows, but thus far good sense has always averted such a calamity. In the opinion of many, however, the steps taken to avert the crises in themselves constitute almost a revolution. The Trades Union Congress held its meeting early in September. It sent a patriotic message of congratulation to the allied forces; upheld the demand for an international labor and socialist conference as a necessary preliminary to peace; called upon the socialists of the Central Powers to state their war aims; and demanded the representation of labor at the peace conference. The congress by an overwhelming majority decided to continue coöperating with the Labor party. A program of social reform was adopted. So threatening was the industrial outlook early in the year that on February 21 the Ministry of Labor announced that a National Industrial Conference would be called to discuss the views of employers and workers. At the first meeting held on February 27 a joint committee, consisting of equal numbers of employers and workers together with a chairman selected by the Government, was appointed to report on the causes of industrial unrest and the steps necessary to remove them. The committee's report, unanimously adopted by the conference on April 4, recommended among other things: the establishment of a 48-hour week; a universal minimum wage; the recognition of, and negotiations between, organizations of employers and workpeople; the prevention of unemployment through government purchases, housing schemes and the development of new industries; normal provision for maintenance during unemployment and free opportunities for continuing education during such periods; and the establishment of a permanent National Industrial Council to advise the Government on national industrial questionsthis council to consist of 400 members, 200 elected by employers' organization and 200 by trade unions, with the Minister of Labor as president of the council. The Prime Minister pledged the Government to immediate and sympathetic consideration of the report.-A matter second in importance only to that of the Industrial Conference was the inquiry into the conditions of the coal industry by the Coal Commission, created by an act passed late in February. The immediate cause of the establishment of this commission was the threatened strike of over 700,000 miners. Mr. Justice Sankey was appointed

to act as chairman of the commission, which consisted of representatives of coal-owners, miners and a number of persons nominated by the Government, among them Mr. Balfour and Mr. Sidney Webb. A report was promised by March 20. Before the bill was passed, the miners had determined upon a strike by an overwhelming majority, but this was postponed pending the report of the commission. Hearings began on March 4 and were completed on March 17. Startling figures were presented as to coal prices, royalties and profits before and since the establishment of government control. On March 20, on the basis of the Sankey Report, the Government offered the miners 2 shillings a day increase in wages; a seven-hour day; six hours after 1921; £1,000,000 a year from the coal revenue for miners' houses; progressive reorganization of the industry; and an effective voice for miners in the direction of mines. On April 9 and 10 the miners voted to accept the terms offered by the government pending a further report of the commission. On June 20 the commission rendered a later report on the future policy of coal control. The chairman and every member of the commission recommended that coal should be nationalized, and a majority of 10 to 3 advocated the payment of fair compensation to the dispossessed royalty-holders. The chairman and half the members of the commission, a majority of 7 to 6, recommended the nationalization of the collieries in 1922, and the reorganization in the meantime of the control of the industry, centrally, by districts, and locally. In spite of the concessions made to the miners there was great dissatisfaction among the men, and at the end of July a serious strike was in progress in the Yorkshire mining district. Many factories were closed down because of lack of coal. The strike was temporarily settled by the intervention of Lloyd George.-There were an extraordinary number of strikes in other industries, the whole industrial situation being most critical at times. The powerful Triple Alliance of railwaymen, transport workers and miners has threatened a general strike to force the Government to withdraw from Russia, abolish conscription and release conscientious objectors.-As in other countries, the progress of demobilization brought with it a large increase in unemployment. This added to the general industrial unrest. -The British representatives at the Peace Conference were Mr. Lloyd George, Mr. Arthur Balfour, Mr. Bonar Law and Mr. George Nicoll Barnes. On July 31 Great Britain ratified the peace treaty.

CANADA. According to official figures over 550,000 soldiers were trained and equipped. Of these 418,052 were sent overseas prior to November 11, and of this number approximately 215,000 lost their lives or were wounded. The war has cost Canada more than $1,500,000,000.-After a five months' session parliament assembled on February 21, adopted a budget providing for expenditures totaling $834,000,000 with a revenue, from all sources, amounting to only $280,000,

000. Many war taxes were continued in force, and the income tax was increased, as were also the taxes on net incomes of all corporations in excess of $2,000. The deficit of a half-billion dollars is to be raised by loans. A sweeping immigration act has been adopted, providing for a closer selection of immigrants and conferring extensive powers of deportation with respect to any person found countenancing or abetting revolution against constituted authority.-Owing to the high cost of living and the prevailing unrest throughout the country, a royal commission of seven members, capital and labor being equally represented, was appointed on April 9 for the purpose of investigating industrial conditions and making suggestions towards the securing of permanent improvements in the relations between employer and employee. It submitted two reports on July 1, the majority report being far more sympathetic toward the demands of labor than that of the minority. Both reports were tabled and are to receive further consideration when parliament reconvenes. Parliament failed to take any action on the report of a Cost of Living Commission which recommended the abolition of combines and a more careful regulation of business by a Dominion Board of Commerce.-While these two commissions were engaged in their investigations general strikes were occurring in many parts of the country. Despite all efforts of the government, the city of Winnipeg was paralyzed for almost a month by a general strike. Beginning with efforts of the building trades and metal workers to impose their relations with their employers, the strike soon became a sympathetic one involving all workers of the city; gradually it took a political turn and there were many complaints against the government, which was held responsible for the soaring cost of living. Pending a governmental inquiry the strikers resumed work. — The death of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, former Premier, on February 17, deprived the Liberals of a remarkable leader; his successor has not yet been chosen.-Minor changes have occurred in the cabinet and its reorganization by Premier Borden will probably take place in the near future. In Newfoundland a new ministry was formed on May 23 by M. P. Cashin, former Minister of Finance.-Sir Robert Borden, Premier, Sir George Foster, Minister of Trade and Commerce, and Mr. C. J. Doherty, Minister of Justice, were the representatives of Canada at the Peace Conference. Newfoundland was represented by Sir William Lloyd, Premier.

INDIA.-Famine, coupled with the constantly increasing prices of food, an epidemic of plague followed by an appalling siege of influenza, discontent among the educated classes caused by the censorship and the Defence of India Act, the tremendous excitement of the war, the profound mental disturbance of the Moslems caused by the policy of the Allies toward the Mohammedan powers, the overthrow of the Turkish Empire and the multitude of questions touching the future of

Islam-all these, together with the passage of the so-called Rowlatt Acts, explain the disorders which swept over India in April and in which, it seems, Hindus, Mohammedans, Sikhs and Marwaris united against the ruling power. Quick action by the government of India resulted in the suppression of the movement. The Rowlatt Acts-the Indian Criminal Law Act and the Emergency Criminal Law Act— give the governor-general the right to invest the police with special powers of search, arrest and punishment in districts disturbed by seditious agitation. These acts, passed in March, were supported neither in the legislative council nor outside by the Indian leaders, and several members of the government resigned in protest against their enactment. At Bombay a Passive Resistance League (Satyagraha) was organized whose members vowed to refuse "civilly to obey the laws". It soon proved impossible to control this movement and it quickly became aggressive.—In a speech on the budget in the British House of Commons Mr. Montagu warmly defended the Rowlatt measures. At the same time his bill embodying a scheme of constitutional reform for India was introduced. This measure, which is based upon the historic Montagu-Chelmsford Report of last year, is prefaced by two reports of the Southborough Committees, which began their work in India last November. The first committee, investigating the matter of new constituencies, recommended, among other things, the extension of the franchise to over 5,000,000 electors, many of whom cannot speak English; a property qualification which in the rural sections would be based upon the land-revenue districts; and communal representation not only for the Mohammedans but for the Sikhs, Indian Christians, Europeans and Eurasians. The second committee presented a detailed scheme for the division of powrs, political and financial, between supreme and provincial governments. The recommendations of both reports were incorporated in the Montagu bill. The measure was widely discussed throughout the Empire. From latest reports it would seem that the Indian extremists desire to give the legislature complete control over the budget and to reduce the powers of the governor-general in relation to his Indian ministry; the moderates, on the other hand, accept the principle of dualism in government and are not anxious to impair the relations between India and the Crown.

OTHER BRITISH POSSESSIONS. -In Egypt a multitude of grievances, including forced recruiting, cruel treatment of native soldiers, prohibition of meetings of the Egyptian Assembly during the war, the enforcement of a stringent censorship of news and opinions, the refusal to allow native newspapers and political discussions in the state schools or to allow the entrance into Egypt of any person suspected of being nationalistic, together with the arrest and deportation of national leaders who desired to represent Egypt at Paris,

led to widespread agitation, culminating in open insurrection during the month of March. Order was finally restored by General Allenby who, upon his arrival in Egypt, promptly released the Nationalist leaders. Following the resignation of Hussein Rushdi Pasha on April 23, the Sultan, with the assistance of General Allenby, formed a new cabinet on May 21 with Mahomed Said Pasha, a disciple of Cromer and Kitchener, as prime minister.-In October Australia successfully raised her seventh war loan. To care for her returning soldiers a Federal Department of Repatriation was established with branch departments in each state. Both in Australia and New Zealand every effort has been made to induce demobilized soldiers to take up land, and on June 23 the Minister of Lands of New South Wales reported that 3,500 men, returned from overseas, had already been placed on farms. For those soldiers who do not wish to take up land, national workshops are being established. In a speech on the budget the acting Premier, W. A. Watts, in a plea for economy, stated the estimated revenue to be £39,219,591, offset by expenditures totaling £45,344,595. To meet the deficit the government urged an increase of 30 per cent. in the income tax and 20 per cent. in the land tax; the rate of taxation on liquors and amusements was also increased. To insure the preservation of those manufacturing enterprises inaugurated during the war, tariff rates were raised and a further increase is being advocated. During May, June and July Australia was engulfed in a series of great strikes which almost completely tied up the whole country. The Industrial Court was reported to be hopelessly congested and, in an effort to relieve the situation, the government has recently created the Government Workers' Tribunal.-At the Peace Conference Australia was represented by Premier Hughes and Sir Joseph Cook, Minister of the Navy, while Premier Massey and Sir Joseph Ward, Minister of Finance, represented New Zealand.-In South Africa the irreconcilable Nationalists continued to carry on active agitation for an independent republic. To this end a delegation journeyed to Paris to place the cause of the Nationalists before the Peace Conference. In receiving the delegation on June 5, Mr. Lloyd George stated that the Union of South Africa rested on a basic understanding between the British and the Dutch. The Premier advised the deputation not to attempt to undo the past but instead to throw their energies into the "great future which lies before United South Africa". With the adoption of woman suffrage, South Africa is following the lead of the other British Dominions. At the Peace Conference General Botha and General Smuts represented South Africa.

XI. CONTINENTAL EUROPE

FRANCE. Though the subject of many attacks, the Clemenceau Ministry is remarkable for its length of life. During the past year the