phone girls in New England. The outcome was almost a complete victory for the strikers. Not only were substantial wage increases granted but Postmaster-General Burleson was obliged to send a representative authorized to deal directly with the union leaders.When early in June Mr. Burleson announced that for purposes of operation the wire lines were returned to their owners (see supra, p. 25) he left the companies to deal with serious labor disturbances. However, the attempt of the president of the telegraphers' union to call out the employes of the Western Union and the Postal Telegraph Companies was unsuccessful, only a small number of them responding to his call.-During July successful strikes of street railway employees occurred in Cleveland and Boston.-The President in his message to the Sixty-sixth Congress devoted considerable space to the labor question and advocated as the object of all reform "the genuine democratization of industry, based upon a full recognition of the right of those who work, in whatever rank, to participate in some organic way in every decision which directly affects their welfare or the part they are to play in industry ".-The thirty-ninth annual convention of the American Federation of Labor was held in June at Atlantic City. The convention endorsed the League of Nations "in principle" provided it did not conflict with Irish independence; favored withdrawal of United States troops from Russia; refused to endorse the Soviet government of Russia; urged reduction of military establishments; declared compulsory military service unnecessary; favored the repeal of the Espionage Act upon the signature of the peace treaty but refused to take action regarding amnesty for those convicted under it; disapproved "war-time" prohibition and favored the exemption of 2.75 per cent. beer from the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment; favored a new trial for Thomas Mooney but opposed a general strike advocated in his interest; favored the 44-hour week; disapproved the legislative minimum wage; approved the prohibition of immigration for a number of years; declared against the formation of a political party; denounced the "usurpation" of the courts in declaring laws unconstitutional; instructed the executive council to cooperate with the railway brotherhoods for government operation of railways; endorsed the federal employment service; approved the principle of a federal budget; requested President Wilson to remove Postmaster-General Burleson from office; favored a broad program of scientific and technical research; condemned company unions; and protested against monopolistic control of food products by the great packers. The Federation voted to open its doors unconditionally to the negro. Its membership, which before 1914 had not reached 2,000,000, now numbers over 3,260,000.-In November an Independent Labor party was organized in Chicago. Its platform, called "Labor's Fourteen Points", resembles the program of the British Labor party (see infra, p. 105).

DEPENDENCIES. The people of the Philippines were intensely loyal to the cause of the United States during the war. This enabled the United States to remove practically all white soldiers from the islands and to leave them to be policed by native troops. Though there is no questioning the loyalty of the Filipinos to the United States, their leaders are anxious to have the promise of independence, made by the Jones Act of 1916, carried out. On April 4 a commission of 40 prominent Filipinos, sent by the Philippine legislature and headed by Manuel Quezon, President of the Philippine Senate, presented to Secretary Baker a memorial asking for complete independence. The Secretary not only assured them of his agreement with them but read to them a letter from President Wilson expressing similar views. Recent reports from the Governor General of the Philippines state that at the elections held on June 3 the Nacionalista or Nationalist Party won a complete victory. This indicates that the people favor the policies of the party that sent the Philippine mission to the United States.-The people of Porto Rico responded loyally to the demands made upon them by the Selective Service Act. The registrants up to July 5, 1918, numbered 121,241. There is at present a strong movement in the island for statehood. On February 11, the resident commissioner in the House of Representatives urged Congress to state definitely whether statehood and complete self-government for Porto Rico were possible. If not, the commissioner told the House, he would insist on a complete independence.

VIII. MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN STATES MEXICO.-Conditions in Mexico have remained unsettled. Persistent complaints have been made by influential bodies of men in Mexico, the United States and England against the policy of the Carranza government in regulating foreign capital. The government seemed hostile to foreign investors and tolerated such a condition of extreme lawlessness that life and property were unsafe. Early in 1919 an international committee of twenty bankers, ten Americans, five French and five British, was formed for the protection of holders of Mexican securities. At the same time the National Association for the Protection of American Rights in Mexico was organized.-Conditions prevailing in parts of Mexico may be judged from a statement of bandit outrages in the Tampico oil fields submitted to the State Department, dealing with the period from August, 1917, to March, 1919. Twelve men, eight of them American citizens, were killed; thirty-one persons, including nine women, were wounded, and over $200,000 of American property was stolen or destroyed. One hundred and fifteen raids, attacks and holdups were perpetrated upon the properties and employes of fourteen oil companies.-During the continuance of the

war, except for occasional references to German and anti-American propaganda and to attacks upon American life and property, little was heard about Mexico. During the first half of 1919, however, attention was repeatedly directed to the disorganized condition of that country. On March 15 it was announced that General Pablo Gonzales, commander of the government forces, had recovered control of the state of Morelos, which for many years had been overrun by bands under the command of Emiliano Zapata, and that the great estates there would be divided up among the people and schools established. A few days later a Washington dispatch stated that the American Embassy at Mexico City had been instructed by the State Department to request the Mexican government to insure the protection of American citizens in northern Mexico where Villa bands. were again active. It appeared that a number of American citizens had been captured and some of them killed near the border. — On March 23 United States troops stationed at the border went into Mexico in pursuit of bandits who had stolen cattle and horses from an American ranch at Nuez, Texas, and in a skirmish with them killed and wounded seven Mexicans. On March 31 the State Department ordered an investigation of a report from Mexico City that the Mexican government had granted concessions to Japanese corporations to exploit certain agricultural lands in Lower California. Baron Fugitaro Otori, Japanese Minister to Mexico, on April 1 issued a statement to the effect that no such concession had been made in the interest of his country.-On April 17 it was reported that General Blanquet, former Mexican Minister of War under Huerta and a bitter enemy of President Carranza, who had been organizing an army headed by General Felix Diaz for the overthrow of the present government and the reëstablishment of the constitution of 1857, had been killed in an engagement with government troops near Vera Cruz. It was announced late in May that Villa had joined the cause of the revolutionist leader Felipe Angeles. — On June 15 American troops (3,600 cavalry and infantry) crossed into Mexico to protect El Paso, Texas, during a battle between the forces of Villa and Carranza. It appears that the Americans cooperated with the Carranza forces in pursuit of the Villistas beyond Juárez. The troops returned the following day, having killed 45 Mexican bandits and having lost two of their own men. - On June 19 the Carranza government informed the United States that steps had been taken to protect American citizens in Chihuahua, but on July 5 a party of sailors from the United States gunboat Cheyenne, consisting of thirteen men, all unarmed, were attacked by Mexican bandits and robbed near Tampico. A local station of an American oil company was looted on the same day. In July, Henry P. Fletcher, American Ambassador to Mexico, gave to Congress a list of 217 names of Americans officially known to

have been killed in Mexico since 1911, one-half of them since Carranza came into power. Arrests were made in very few of these cases and reparation in only one. The Ambassador could not recall a single prosecution or conviction of a Mexican for the murder of an American citizen. —Late in July the Mexican Ambassador to the United States issued an appeal to the American people in which he stated that Mexico had a stable government and would discharge every obligation. He deplored that efforts were being made to "precipitate armed intervention ".-On July 25 President Wilson issued a proclamation prohibiting the shipment of arms and ammunition into Mexico on the ground that they would be used to promote domestic violence. There has been strong criticism of the Administration's policy in Mexico, and at the end of July Congress was considering a wide inquiry into the Mexican outrages.

THE CARIBBEAN STATES.—Mario Menocal continues as President of Cuba. An obligatory military service act was put into force on August 3 providing for a draft of male citizens between the ages of 21 and 28 years and for obligatory military training for those from 19 to 25 years. Registration took place in October. A food administration was given extensive powers and prices for necessities were fixed. An espionage act was passed, and a custodian of enemy property created. The electoral law of Cuba has given dissatisfaction and the present administration has pledged itself to reform it. Steps in this direction were taken by the introduction of the Maza y Artola bill providing for an obligatory vote, the use of finger prints for identification and the public counting of the ballots. Late in February, Secretary of War Baker announced that in response to a request of President Menocal, Provost Marshal General Crowder would leave for Cuba to advise with the Cuban President and Congress on the revision of the election laws. General Crowder while serving with the American army of occupation in Cuba had drafted the election laws for the new republic and had later supervised the first presidential election. There have been serious labor disturbances partaking of the nature of a general strike. The republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo continue under the supervision of the government of the United States. On February 25 Rear Admiral Thomas Snowden, U. S. N., assumed charge of the military government of Santo Domingo and the military representation of the United States in Haiti.

IX. SOUTH AMERICAN STATES

In September the cabinet of the Argentine Republic was reorganized; Señor Pueyrredon, Minister of Agriculture, became Minister of Foreign Affairs; Señor Moreno, Chief-of-Police of Buenos Aires, was named Minister of War in place of Señor Gonzales, and Señor Alfredo

Demarchi was appointed Minister of Agriculture.-Unrest among the working classes led to serious labor disturbances. During the winter Buenos Aires was paralyzed by a menacing strike which at times assumed the aspect of revolution. After a vain attempt on the part of the government to restore normal conditions, the trouble was temporarily settled by an increase in wages. Thomas A. Le Breton, a former member of the Argentine Congress, was named to succeed Rómulo S. Naón as Ambassador to the United States. By the action of its senate on July 7 the Argentine Republic became the first nation to accept the Covenant of the League of Nations.-Dr. Rodrigues Alves, President-elect of Brazil and one of its leading statesmen, died January 16. Senator Epitacio Pessoa succeeded him in the presidency. During the year Brazil has lost no opportunity to cultivate pan-Americanism; to this end numerous treaties of amity, arbitration and commerce have been ratified. Another step in the same direction was the recent visit of President-elect Pessoa to the United States. At the Peace Conference Brazil was represented by Senator Pessoa, Olyntho de Magalhaes and Pandiá Calogeras. In Chili labor unrest resulted in serious disorders during January and February among the nitrate workers of Antofagasta.-Hostilities between Chili and Peru growing out of a long-standing dispute over the Tacna-Arica provinces (see supra, p. 70) were narrowly averted. The boundary dispute between Ecuador and Peru is still unsettled. Throughout the year Peru has been disturbed by continuous labor troubles. As a method of settling a disputed election held on May 18 President Pardo was made a prisoner on July 4 by Peruvian troops and police and Augusto B. Leguia was proclaimed president in his stead. The new executive has been advocating a scheme for a federalized state.-On June 5 Vice-President José Montero became President of Paraguay upon the death of President Franco.-Dr. Baltasar Brum was inaugurated President of Uruguay on March 1 and at once appointed an able cabinet. The new constitution which went into effect in Uruguay on March 1, in substitution for the constitution of September 10, 1829, provides for strict separation of powers, election of members of the high court of justice by the general assembly, and cabinet interpellation. Executive power is divided between two branches: one part is entrusted to a president elected by popular vote, and the other to an administrative commission of nine members also elected by a popular vote for a term of six years, one-third retiring every two years. The administrative commission has all administrative power not expressly reserved to the president or some other branch of the government, especially such power as relates to public instruction, public works, labor, industries, finance, public charities and health service. The commission renders to the general assembly a particularized account of the collection and expenditure of reve