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1 The Act of 1918 specifies that the normal rate shall be 12% except on the first $4000 when it shall be 6%. For 1919 and thereafter, the normal rate is fixed at 8% and 4%.

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TH

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE III'

HE westward shift of the centres of greatest achievement in Europe, as determined by the reaction of expansion, has been no less conspicuous in the domain of the intellect than in the realms of industry, commerce and finance. Genius has winged its way from the countries that had been foremost in medieval times to the lands along the shores of the Atlantic, whose men of enterprise were the first to fare across the seas. It is not altogether an accident, perhaps, that their so-called "golden age" should have been more or less contemporaneous with the beginnings or height of their activities. among non-European lands and peoples. And it might fairly be supposed that the nations which occupy the centre of the continent and have risen anew to eminence in mental prowess, have derived much of their opportunity and inspiration from the fact that they, too, have shared in what Europe at large has received from the vast regions outside its bounds.

The more Europeans have learned about the rest of the world, the greater has become their desire to increase their knowledge of it and the stronger their inclination to observe conditions which might suggest valuable analogies or contrasts. This result has been made manifest, of course, in the huge number of publications descriptive in one form or another of oversea areas and their inhabitants or revealing the influence exercised by them on the mentality of Europe. It has appeared, also, in the establishment of learned societies, in the holding of congresses and the creation of other cooperative agencies representative of special fields of research and in the dispatch of scientific expeditions. The collection of stores of materials in museums and similar repositories and the acclimatization in Europe of exotic plants and animals, are further examples of the appreciation shown by Europeans of the treas

1 Concluded from the POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, vol. xxxiv, pp. 210-225.

ures of the lands across the sea which have enriched their sphere of thought and consciousness.

The provincialism of an old order, resting on tradition and authority, keeping a section of mankind isolated from its fellows and maintaining it in ignorance and routine, has broken down before a tremendous broadening of contact with different stages of civilization over the entire earth. Ancient, biblical and patristic domination of the mind has been overthrown by the rise of a rational and scientific concept of the universe and the systematization of learning in that regard. From the forces. thus engendered the thought of Europe may be said to have been affected in three ways: first, through the impulse given to the revival of a secular outlook on life, an appreciation of worldly things and human relationships; second, through the arousing of curiosity and interest, which has conduced to philosophic and scientific inquiry; and third, through the enhancement of credulity and imagination along lines that have assured an acquisition of wider fields of expression in literary and artistic endeavor.

To an age of vague notions about the outer world has succeeded an era of explorers, travelers and investigators who have been able to demonstrate the truth or falsity of such ideas by actual evidence. Verification could thus become a possibility and from a possibility a habit. Through the reports that have been furnished and the things that have been gathered the faculty of close observation has been developed. It has been made practicable, accordingly, to specialize in the examination of what is characteristic of a single phenomenon or of groups of phenomena world-wide in their distribution, and eventually to discuss the supreme problem of the origin and destiny of man and his relation to the universe in which he dwells.

Given the philosophy of life prevalent in the fifteenth century, it would seem desirable to begin a brief survey of the possible effects of oversea enterprise on specific phases of European thought by reference to the moral and religious consciousness. Relationship with new lands and peoples may be said to have had consequences both debasing and elevating.

Among results of the former type may be mentioned the enhancement of pride, prejudice, indolence and extravagance, and the development of an earth-hunger, a commercialism and a greed for wealth which has found satisfaction in the plunder or exploitation of native peoples and the robbery of European rivals. Those of a beneficent sort, on the other hand, would include the heightening of courage, enterprise and initiative which have made the men of Europe go forth to see the world, with all that this contributes to tolerance and enlightenment in human understanding. Even the gross immorality inseparable from contact with racial servility or inferiority, the unfortunate status of the half-breed, the unfairness and cruelty practiced upon slaves or otherwise "backward" folk and the callous injustice of "contracts" into which "natives" have been inveigled, have not been without their value to the European at home. In might well be asked, in fact, whether these things have not been responsible in some degree for the revulsion of sentiment that has appeared in Europe after a sufficient exposure of the wrongdoing has been made. To what extent a public and widespread knowledge of the inhumanities perpetrated by Europeans across the seas has served to call into existence the modern spirit of humanitarianism, is a further question that suggests an answer.

So, too, the various phases of relationship with non-Europeans seem to have had a broadening effect on the religious conceptions of Europe. This assumes a variety of forms. It would comprise, for example, tendencies to breed indifference or skepticism and, by strengthening an interest in the present world over against that in a world to come, promote liberty of conscience. In a similar category stands the influence of opportunities overseas for material and spiritual betterment on the decline of religious discontent and animosity at home. The fact is not without significance that the first genuine trade war kindled in Europe by rivalries on the ocean and in distant lands occurred immediately after the last of the religious wars. European theologians, moreover, have had to deal with a number of highly perplexing problems derived from an acquaintance with the strange or little known people of earth and

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