The same ex

The same officials served on both sides of the channel. periments were tried in both countries. Professor Haskins does not give a definite answer to our question, but he points out many suggestive facts. Thus, there was a Norman prologue to Henry II's struggle with the church. The practices of the English exchequer may have influenced the Norman body, but "the whole sub-structure of ducal finance is very ancient." There was a well-defined system of itinerant justices in Normandy before it appeared in England. The sworn inquest was introduced into England from Normandy and the jury was first employed in Normandy" as a regular procedure to which suitors can appeal as a matter of right and on which the individual can rely as a protection against arbitrary accusation." And one must not forget the early influence which came from Normandy at the time of the conquest in the shape of feudalism and developed ducal power. Indeed, the author's final words on the Norman jury may really be taken as his judgment on the general relationship between Norman and English institutions: "Where Normandy sowed, England and all Englishspeaking lands were to reap."

Apart from the contribution to historical knowledge which is made and the wealth of learning which is displayed, one is impressed by the skill with which all this evidence on Norman history has been marshaled, and by the author's careful and close reasoning, qualities which make the book worthy of the most careful study by any student who is handling medieval historical material.

YALE UNIVERSITY.

S. K. MITCHELL.

The Life of Sophia Fex-Blake. By MARGARET TODD. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1918.-xviii, 574 pp.

Dr. Elizabeth Garrett-Anderson and Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake, the two pioneers in opening the medical profession to the women of England, were both outstanding figures during the half century from 1860 to 1910. Dr. Anderson was four years the older, having been born in 1836 while Dr. Jex-Blake was born in 1840, and she survived Dr. JexBlake by several years. But the great fight made by the two women was strictly contemporary, though Dr. Anderson scored the first success and throughout her whole career won greater popularity and more definite rewards than Dr. Jex-Blake.

The experiences of the two women in their long struggle for the right to enter the medical profession were curiously dissimilar. Dr. Ander

son slipped through what may be described as a side door, left accidentally open, and closed by the medical authorities as soon as they discovered the oversight. She was admitted to the examinations of the Society of Apothecaries and obtained its license to practice after she had been refused admission to those of the Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians. The Society of Apothecaries admitted her, because its charter was so drawn as to make it impossible to exclude her on account of her sex. But the door was closed on any possible successor among women by the adoption of a rule that no candidate should be examined who had been privately educated, for it was well known that no woman would be admitted to the regular courses and classes at which men obtained their education. Her further qualifications Dr. Anderson obtained in France, taking her M. D. degree at the University of Paris in 1870; and thus prepared and equipped, she was able to establish herself in practice in London.

For Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake there was no side door and no thought of slipping into the profession herself and leaving other women outside. She made the fight for the opening of the front door and for such an opening as should preclude its ever again being closed. Stormy times. and bitter opposition could not swerve her from her purpose. It seemed at times as if she cared much less for the right to practice medicine herself than she did to open the way for the group of women who depended on her to help them to an opportunity. Dr. Margaret Todd in this Life of Sophia Jex-Blake tells the story of the long struggle with sympathy and understanding. She shows where Miss Jex-Blake made serious mistakes and how her somewhat headstrong temperament injured her in public estimation. But she shows also that without the strength and the fighting spirit so strongly present in Miss Jex-Blake's character, the fight could never have been won, and that English and Scotch women might have had to wait many years longer, perhaps to the real detriment and loss of Great Britain and the Allies in the recent war, before being able to qualify as physicians, or even to obtain the education that would fit them to take their place in medicine and surgery.

Dr. Todd's story of the long struggle with Edinburgh University and with the prejudices and the narrow trade-unionism of the medical profession, will form a valuable document when the history of women in medicine comes to be written. It was early realized that there was little hope in England and that the fight would have to be waged in what might be called the outlying territories. The Edinburgh fight ended for the time in defeat for the women, but Dr. Jex-Blake became

a licentiate of the Irish College of Physicians in 1877 and obtained a medical degree the same year at Berne. The following year she began to practice in Edinburgh and in 1886 founded the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women. Eight years later she had the triumph of seeing her school recognized for graduation by the Edinburgh University, with which she had waged so protracted and bitter a contest, and before the turn of the century women were preparing in considerable numbers for the great work that, all unknown to them, lay ahead of them after the outbreak of the war. It was the battle that had been waged by Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake that made possible the heroic service of Dr. Elsie Inglis and of the great company of women doctors who served in the military hospitals of the Allies between 1914 and 1918.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT.

ANNIE G. PORRITT.

BOOK NOTES

In the issue of the POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY of March, 1918, note was taken of the fact that books on political science and on Canadian history prompted by the fiftieth anniversary of Canadian confederation, celebrated in July, 1917, had been singularly few. "There were," it was said, " only two or three written by Canadians under the stimulus of the anniversary of the most beneficent and outstanding event in the modern colonial history of Great Britain." To these three books-The Federation of Canada, 1867-1917, Riddell's The Constitution of Canada in its History and Practical Working and Hammond's Fathers of Confederation, there must now be added R. E. Gosnell's The Story of Confederation, with Postscript on Quebec Situation (Victoria, Colonist Printing Company, 1918; 156 pp.). For American students, and in particular for students whose interest in the constitutional history of Canada has been newly aroused by the part played by the Dominion in the great war and by the new relations between the dominions and Great Britain which have been developed by the war, Mr. Gosnell's book is likely to be the most serviceable of any of those that were prompted by the celebration of 1917. Though popular in presentation it is a scholarly history of Canadian confederation and of the constitutional development of the Dominion since 1867. In addition to relating the story of confederation the author tells, with interesting detail, of the admission of the four provinces west of the Great Lakes-Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Mr. Gosnell has long been a resident of Victoria and has written much on the history of British Columbia. The student of Canadian history will not find fault with the somewhat detailed consideration which he gives to his province, both at the time it entered the confederation and since. On the contrary, he will be disposed to wish that Mr. Gosnell had drawn a little more on his intimate knowledge of the preconfederation history of the Pacific coast province, for, despite the fact that no British colony has a more fascinating constitutional, fiscal and economic history than British Columbia, that history, for the preconfederation period, yet remains to be written.

At the outbreak of the war, Mr. John S. Ewart of Toronto suspended the issue of his series of essays on the constitutional relations

of Canada with Great Britain, which are widely known in the Dominion, and to some extent also in the United States, as the Kingdom Papers. The last pre-war issue was no. xx. Publication was suspended because Mr. Ewart was impressed with the gravity of the struggle between Germany and Great Britain and her Allies, and with the necessity of suppressing debate upon "all separating subjects." Publication has now been resumed (Kingdom Papers, no. xxi, McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart, Toronto, 1918; 126 pp.), and Mr. Ewart is again engaged in his effort to rouse his fellow Canadians to a sense of political dignity-to elevate them from the degrading slough of colonialism, and to give them a position of honorable equality with the other nations of the earth." Developments in the relations between Canada and Great Britain arising out of the war and war-time suggestions for closer union are the topics discussed in no. xxi. Frankness of utterance has always been characteristic of the Kingdom Papers, and it is so of this latest issue. There can be few writers in Canada as widely informed as Mr. Ewart on the constitutional history of the Dominion and on the history of the relations of the self-governing colonies with Great Britain, and in nearly every Kingdom Paper there is something new, even to Canadians who are well versed in the history of their country and who know in some detail the story of the relations of the old British North American provinces and of the Dominion with the Colonial Office, the Cabinet and the Parliament at Westminster.

In The Beginnings of English Overseas Enterprise: a Prelude to the Empire (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1917; 203 pp.) Sir Charles P. Lucas has moved into a field not hitherto much worked by him. His earlier books on the development of the British Empire-books that were always welcomed by the constituency of students which, since 1912, he has been attracting to himself-were concerned mostly with aspects of British colonization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. But at the end of a clearly presented and in every way excellent study of the origin, organization, powers and privileges of the merchant adventurers of England, Sir Charles Lucas introduces his readers again to his old field and makes a thoroughly substantiated claim for the merchant adventurers as pioneers of English colonization. They moved into and possessed themselves of no new nor unoccupied territories. They established themselves, extraterritorially as it were, in several European countries. They were important factors in British overseas trade, especially as regards the wool and woollen industries. They had an organized, definite and continuous existence, in one