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Hero's Fountain.

225.

HERO'S fountain is constructed on the same principle as HERO's ball, except that the compression of the air is effected by the weight of a column of water, instead of by aid of a condenser.

D

A represents a cistern, similar to HERO's ball, with a tube B, extending nearly to the bottom of the cistern. C is a second cistern placed at some distance below A. This cistern is connected with a basin D, by a bent tube E, and also with the upper part of the cistern A, by a tube F. When the fountain is to be used, the cistern A is nearly filled with water, the cistern C being empty. A quantity of water is then poured into the basin D, which, acting by its weight, sinks into the cistern C, compressing the air in the upper portion of it into a smaller space, thus increasing its tension. This increase of tension acting on the surface of the water in A, forces a jet through the tube B, which rises to a greater or less height according to the greater or less increase of the atmospheric tension. The flow will continue till the level of the water in A, reaches the bottom of the tube B. The measure of the compressing force on a unit of surface of the water in C, is the weight of a column of water, whose base is a square unit, and whose altitude is the difference of level between the water in D and C.

Fig. 188.

If HERO'S ball be partially filled with water and placed under the receiver of an air pump, the water will be observed to rise in the tube, forming a fountain, as the air in the receiver is exhausted. The principle is the same as before, an excess of pressure on the water within the globe over that without. In both cases, the flow is resisted by the tension of the air without, and is urged on by the tension within.

226.

Wine-Taster and Dropping-Bottle.

The wine-taster is used to bring up a small por

tion of wine or other liquid, from a cask. It consists of a tube, open at the top, and terminating below in a very narrow tube, also open. When it is to be used, it is inserted to any depth in the liquid, which will rise in the tube to the level of the upper surface of that liquid. The finger is then placed so as to close the upper orifice of Fig. 189. the tube, and the instrument is raised out of the cask. A portion of the fluid escapes from the lower orifice, until the pressure of the rarefied air in the tube, plus the weight of a column of liquid, whose cross-section is that of the tube, and whose altitude is that of the column of fluid retained, is just equal to the pressure of the external air. If the tube be placed over a tumbler, and the finger removed from the upper orifice, the fluid brought up will escape into the tumbler.

If the lower orifice is very small, a few drops may be allowed to escape, by taking off the finger and immediately replacing it. The instrument then constitutes the dropping tube.

The Atmospheric Inkstand.

227. The atmospheric inkstand consists of a cylinder A, which communicates by a tube with a second cylinder B. A piston C, is moved up and down in A, by means of a screw D. Suppose the spaces A and B, to be filled with ink. If the piston C is raised, the pressure of the external air forces the ink to follow it, and the part B is emptied. If the operation be reversed, and the piston C

A

Fig. 190

depressed, the ink is again forced into the space B. This operation may be repeated at pleasure.

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