Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Chicago.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.

Capt. F. Brinkley, Tokio.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.

Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marczali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.

Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.

Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Prof. Adolph Harnack, University of Berlin.
Dr. A. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. O. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University.

Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Budapest. Printed in the United States.

Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

The conspiracy of Hentzi; the insurrection of Fribourg, 1. Disorders at Geneva,

4. Tumults in Neuchâtel, 8. Aristocracy and democracy, 9. Davel, 10. Federal

relations of the Swiss states, 13. Switzerland feels the shock of the French Revolu-

tion, 16. French troops in Switzerland, 20. The capitulation of Berne; the Consti-

tution Unitaire, 23.

Changes of constitutions and administrations, 26. The evacuation of Switzer-

land; the nomination of deputies, 28. The act of mediation (1813 A.D.); Cabals fol-

low Napoleon's fall, 30. Switzerland develops along new lines, 35. Reaction and

reform; effects of the revolution of July, 35. Siebener Konkordat ; disputes over

asylum and religion, 38. The Sunderbund War, 39. Colonel Dufour is made com-

mander of the army, 40. Preparations of the Sunderbund, 41. The capitulations of

Fribourg and Lucerne end the Sunderbund, 42.

LAND AND PEOPLE AND EARLY HISTORY (TO 1054 A.D.)

79

Extent, configuration, and climate, 79. The similarity of European and Asiatic
Russia. 80. The dualism of north and south, 81. The soil of the Black Lands and

PAGB

the Steppes, 82. Diversity of races, 84. The Finns, 85. Ethnological distribution

of religions, 87. The Great Russians and the Little Russians, 91. Social and

political organisation, 99. The treaty with Constantinople, 96. The first written

document of Russian history, 97. The reign of Igor, 97. The regency of Olga, 99.

Nestor tells of the baptism of Olga, 100. Sviatoslav ; the victory of north over

south, 101. Nestor's account of Vladimir's conversion, 103. The death of Vladi-

mir the Christian, 106. Sviatopolk is succeeded by Iaroslav, 107. Iaroslav's code

of laws, 110. Iaroslav dies, 115.

CHAPTER II

.

THE PERIOD OF THE PRINCIPALITIES (1054-1224 A.D.) .

117

The character of the principalities, 117. The unity of the principalities, 120.

The theory of succession, 121. Civil wars, 122. Vsevolod, 124. Sviatopolk, 124.

Vladimir Monomakh, 126. The “Instruction " of Vladimir Monomakh, 127. The

fall of Kiev and the rise of Suzdal, 129.

CHAPTER III

THE TIME OF TATAR DOMINATION (1235–1462 A.D.)

· 133

Jenghiz Khan; the Tatar invasion, 134. Influences of Tatar domination, 136.

Alexander Nevski, 139. Death of Alexander Nevski ; appreciation of his character,

142. The grand princedom, 143. The growing ascendency of Moscow, 144. The

The principle of direct succession, 148. The battle of the Don or Kulikovo, 151

Significance of the battle of Kulikovo, 152. The destruction of Moscow, 153. The

death of Dmitri Donskoi ; his place in history, 154. The reign of Vasili Dmitrie-

vitch, 156. Vasili Vasilievitch (afterwards called “The Blind” or “The Dark "),

158. Jonas becomes metropolitan, 159. A review of the internal development

during the Tatar period, 160. The influence of Tatar domination, 163. Wallace's

view, 164.

CHAPTER IV

FROM IVAN THE GREAT TO IVAN THE TERRIBLE (1462–1584 A.D.). . 166

Accession of Ivan (III) Vasilievitch, 166. Character and aims of Ivan, 168.

Ivan Vasilievitch marries the Greek princess Sophia, 170. The growth of autocracy,

171. Subjugation of the republics, 172. The final overthrow of the Tatars, 176.

Affairs of Lithuania, 179. Last years of Ivan ; inheritance left to his sons, 181. Ap-

preciations of Ivan Vasilievitch, 181. Accession of Vasili Ivanovitch, 184. Wars

with Lithuania, 184. Wars with the Tatars, 188. The growing power of Russia, 189.

Maxine the Greek, 190. Private life of Vasili Ivanovitch; his death, 192. A fore-

cast of the reign of Ivan (IV) the Terrible, 192. The minority of Ivan IV, 194.

Ivan assumes the reins of government, 196. The discovery of Siberia, 197. The

restraining influences of Anastasia, 198. Ivan's atrocities, 199. The Polish inva-

sion. 200. The reign of terror, 202. The march against Novgorod, 203. Carnage in

Moscow, 205. The struggle for Livonia, 207. Projects of alliance with England,

208. Death of Ivan the Terrible, 208. Karamzin's estimate of Ivan, 209. Ivan the

Terrible compared with Peter the Great, 212.

CHAPTER V

THE CENTURY AFTER IVAN THE TERRIBLE (1584-1682 A.D.)

Character of Boris Godunov, 214. War with Sweden, 215. Serfdom, 218.

Death of Dmitri, 219. The reigu of Boris, 222. The false Dmitri appears,

224. Career and murder of Dmetri, 227. The false Dmitri; marriage and death,

228. Vasili Ivanovitch Shuiski, 229. Accession of the house of Romanov, 237. The

Cossacks, 239. Last years of Michael, 242. Alexis, 243. Feodor, 247.

The childhood and youth of Peter, 251. Peter asserts control, 253. Military re-

forms, 255. Azov taken from the Turks, 256. Schemes of conquest, 258. Conspiracy

to murder Peter, 258. Peter travels to acquire knowledge, 259. Peter in Holland,

England and Austria, 261. The insurrection of the Strelitz, 265. War with Sweden,

265. Rallying from defeat, 267. The antecedents of an empress, 268. Military suc-

cess : Foundation of St. Petersburg, 269. Renewed hostilities, 272. Polish affairs.

973. Charles XII invades Russia, 275. Revolt of the Cossacks of the Don; Mazeppa,

277. Mazeppa joins Charles XII; Pultowa, 279. Peter and the Powers, 281. Cath-

erine acknowledged as Peter's wife, 281. War with Turkey, 282. Catherine's hero-

ism : the Peace of Pruth, 283. War with Sweden, 285. A naval victory; Peter's

triumph, 286. Peter at the height of power, 287. Peter's second European tour,

289. The czarevitch Alexis disinherited, 294. Death of the czarevitch Alexis,

297. Domestic affairs, 299. Renewed hostilities with Sweden, 302. Peter as ad-

ministrator, 304. The church and the aristocracy, 309. Commerce with the East,

311. War with Persia, 312. Last years and death of Peter, 314. Soloviev's esti-

mate of Peter's work, 318. Kostomarov's estimate of Peter, 323. Haxthausen's

estimate of Peter's influence, 326.

Catherine I (1725-1727 A.D.), 327. Peter II (1727-1730 A.D.), 328. Anna Ivanovna,

331. War with Turkey, 335. Internal administration, 337. Biron the favourite,

338. Death of Anna, (1740 A.D.) ; the succession, 339. A Russian estimate of Anna

and of Biron, 340. The nominal reign of Ivan VI, 341. Anna of Brunswick assumes

the regency, 342. Sweden renews the war, 342. Successful conspiracy against the

regent, 345. Elizabeth Petrovna, 350. Foreign affairs, 352. Antecedents of the

future Peter III, 353. The future Catherine II appears, 354. Court intrigues : the

death of Elizabeth, 355. Spread of art, literature, and education under Elizabeth,

356. Estimates of Elizabeth, 359. Peter III, 360. Impolitic acts of Peter III, 362.

Catherine plots against the Czar, 364. Catherine usurps the crown, 367. Death of

Peter III, 368.

:

CHAPTER VIII

THE AGE OF CATHERINE II (1762–1796 A.D.).

372

Catherine's own views on Russia, 373. The Polish succession; the policy of the
nations, 376. Poland is dismembered, 378. War with Turkey, 380. The Treaty of