BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

[The letter is reserved for Editorial Matter.]

CHAPTER I. LAND AND PEOPLE and Early HISTORY (to 1054 A.D.)

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e

A. LEROY-BEAULIEU, L'Empire des Tsars et les Russes. — M. KOVALEVSKI, Russian Political Institutions. -d PROCOPIUS, Gothica seu Bellum Gothicum. MAURICIUS, Stategicum. LEO, Tacita seu de re militari. T. SCHIEMANN, Russland, Polen und Livland.h NESTOR, Chronicle. -W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. - A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. * ROBERT BELL, History of Russia.

CHAPTER II. THE PERIOD OF THE PRINCIPALITIES (1054-1224 A.D.)

A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. -T. SCHIEMANN, Russland, Polen und Livland. — d N. M. KARAMZIN, History of the Russian Empire.

CHAPTER III. THE TIME OF TATAR DOMINATION (1235-1462 A.D.)

R. N. BESTUZHEV-RIUMIN, Russian History.—oD. M. WALLACE, Russia. —d R. BELL, A History of Russia.-S. M. SOLOVIOV, History of Russia from the Earliest Times. N. TURGENIEV, La Russie et les Russes.-W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. —1N. I. Kostomarov, Russian History. —1 A. BRÜCKNER, Geschichte Russlands.

CHAPTER IV. FROM IVAN THE GREAT TO IVAN THE TERRIBLE (1462-1584 A.D.)

R. N. BESTUZHEV-RIUMIN, Russian History.-N. I. KOSTOMAROV, Russian History. d P. STRAHL and E. HERMANN, Geschichte des Russischen Staates.- A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. -ƒN. KARAMZIN, History of the Russian Empire. — 9 R. BELL, History of Russia. -S. M. SOLOVIOV, History of Russia from the Earliest Times.

CHAPTER V. THE CENTURY AFTER IVAN THE TERRIBLE (1584-1682 A.D.)

PROSPER MÉRIMÉE, Demetrius the Impostor.-N. I. KOSTOMAROV, Russian History. d N. KARAMZIN, History of the Russian Empire. -JEAN HENRI SCHNITZLER, L'Empire des Tsars au point actuel de la science. - A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. R. BELL, History of Russia. -h W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. -iS. M. SOLOVIOV, History of Russia from the Earliest Times.

CHAPTER VI. PETER THE GREAT (1682-1725 A.D.)

bVOLTAIRE, Histoire de Russie. R. BELL, History of Russia. -d N. I. KOSTOMAROV, Russian History. - — W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. -P. STRAHL and E. HERMANN, Geschichte des Russischen Staates. 9 A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. — P. SHTCHEBALSKI,

Readings from Russian History.

Times.

S. M. SOLOVIOV, History of Russia from the Earliest AUGUSTE DE HAXTHAUSEN, The Russian Empire, its People, Institutions and Resour* CLAUDE CARLOMAN DE RULHIÈRE, Révolution de Pologne. C. A. DE LOUVILLE, Mémoires. —m IVAN GOLIKOV, The Acts of Peter the Great.

ses.

CHAPTER VII. CATHERINE I TO PETER III (1725-1796 A.D.)

R. BELL, History of Russia. - N. I. KOSTOMAROV, Russian History. -d P. SHTCHEBAL SKI, Readings from Russian History. —e V. A. BILBASSOV, History of Catherine II. -ƒ A. RAMBAUD, Historie de la Russie. —9 R. NISBET BAIN, The Daughter of Peter the Great.

642 BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

CHAPTER VIII. THE AGE OF CATHERINE II (1769–1796 a.d.)

P. SHTCHEBALSKI, Readings from Russian History.-V. A. BILBASSOV, History of Catherine II.-d A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. R. BELL, History of Russia. — ANTOINE DE FERRAND, Les trois démembrements de la Pologne. — CATHERINE I, Memoirs A. BRÜCKNER, History of Catherine II. — THEODOR VON BERNHARDI, Geschichte Russlands und der europäischen Politik in den Jahren 1814–1831—¡ W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. — * N. K. SHILDER, The Emperor Alexander I.

CHAPTER IX. RUSSIA IN THE NAPOLEONIC EPOCH (1796-1815 a.d.)

с

F. C. SCHLOSSER, Geschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts.— A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. ―d R. BELL, History of Russia.— R. GOSSIP, History of Russia.—1 A. ALISON, History of Europe.-N. K. SHILDER, The Emperor Alexander I. — P. DE SEGUE, History of the Expedition to Russia. —A. MIKHAILOVSKI-DANILEVSKI, Vie du Feld-Maréchal Koutouzoff.—¿T. VON BERNHARDI, Geschichte Russlands und der europäischen Politik in den Jahren 1814-1831. * W. K. KELLY, History of Russia. -F. H. SKRINE, The Expansion of Russia, 1815–1900.

CHAPTER X. ALEXANDER I, MYSTIC AND HUMANITARIAN (1801–1825 a.d.)

'N. K. SHILDER, The Emperor Alexander I.—d N. TURGENIEV, La Russie et les Russes. — eW.K. KELLY, History of Russia.- A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie.—9 A. ALISON, History of Europe.-F. H. SKRINE, The Expansion of Russia 1815-1900. — STORCK, Russland unter Alexander dem Ersten.

CHAPTER XI. THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I (1825-1854 A.D.)

‘N. K. SHILDER, The Reign of the Emperor Nicholas I.—o J. H. Schnitzler, La Russie, Ancienne et Moderne.-d W. K. KELLY, History of Russia.-A. P. DE CUSTINE, La Russie en 1839.— A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie. T. DELORD, Histoire du second Empire.— P. DE LA GORCE, Histoire du second Empire.-H. MARTIN, Histoire de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'à nos jours.-A. A. SHUMAKR, The Czar Liberator.- F. H. SKRINE, The Expansion of Russia 1815–1900.

CHAPTER XII.

ALEXANDER II, THE CZAR LIBERATOR (1855-1881 a.d.)

A. RAMBAUD, Histoire de la Russie.-D. M. WALLACE, Russia. —d A. A. SHUMAKE, The Czar Liberator.-P. DE LA GORCE, Histoire du second Empire.- ALEXANDER II, Manifesto or Proclamation.—9 F. H. SKRINE, The Expansion of Russia 1815–1900.— JULIUS ECKHARDT, Modern Russia.

CHAPTER XIII. REACTION, EXPANSION, AND THE WAR WITH JAPAN (1881-1904 a.d.)

D. M. WALLACE, article on Russian history in the New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica.- ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, The Russian Advance.-d HENRY NORMAN, All the Russias.— A. N. Kuropatkin, quoted in F. H. Skrine and E. D. Ross's The Heart of Asia.

These documents, given in a somewhat condensed form, are from the following sources: The Treaty of Paris, from H. TYRRELL'S History of the War with Russia; The Treaty of Berlin and The Hague Peace Conference, from SIR EDWARD HERTSLET'S State Papers, Vol. CX.

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH ORITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Anon., La guerre d'Orient en 1877-1878, par un tacticien, Paris, 1880; Tainy nashei gosudarstvennoi politiki v Polshye. Sbornik sekretnykh dokumentov (The secrets of our governmental policy in Poland. A collection of secret documents), London, 1899; Secret Memoirs of the Court of St. Petersburg, particularly towards the end of the reign of Catherine II and the commencement of that of Paul I (translated from the French), London, 1895; The Persecution of the Jews in Russia, published by the Russo-Jewish Committee, London, 1890; Russia, Its Industries and Trade (Official report prepared for the Glasgow Exhibition), Glasgow, 1901; Erinnerungen eines Dorfgeistlichen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft und ihrer Aufhebung. Aus dem russischen übertragen von M. Oettingen, Stuttgart, 1894 (Bibliothek russischer Denkwürdigkeiten. Edited by Th. Schiemann, vol. 5); An early newssheet. The Russian Invasion of Poland in 1563. An exact facsimile of a contemporary account in Latin, published at Douay. Together with an introduction and historical notes, and a full translation into English, London, 1874; The French bulletins relating to the war in Russia, London, 1813; Russia's March Towards India, by an Indian officer, London, 1893, 2 vols.; Russia Before and After the War. By the author of "Society in St. Petersburg," etc. Translated from the German, with later additions by the author, by E. F. Taylor, London and New York, 1880; Von Nicolaus I zu Alexander III: St. Petersburger Beiträge zur neuesten russischen Geschichte, Leipsic, 1881; Russisch-Baltische Blaetter, Beiträge zur Kenntniss Russlands und seiner Grenzmarken, 4 vol., Leipzig, 1886-1888; Russland vor und nach dem Kriege; auch "Aus der petersburger Gesellschaft, Leipsic, 1879; Russland am Scheidewege: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Slawophilenthums, Berlin, 1888; Lose Blätter aus dem Geheim-Archive der russischen Regierung; Ein aktenmässiger Beitrag zur neuesten Geschichte der russischen Verwaltung und Beamten-Korruption, Leipsic, 1882. -Abaza, V. A. Istorya Rossii (History of Russia), St. Petersburg, 1893.-Abbott, J., Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburg, during the late Russian invasion of Khiva, London, 1856, 2 vols. Adam, Mme., Le général Skobélef, Paris, 1886.-Adelung, F. von, Kritisch-literarische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, St. Petersburg, 1846, 2 vols. - Alexander II, Manifesto (The proclamation of emancipation) printed by the Senate, St. Petersburg, 1861.Alison, A., History of Europe, London and New York, 1849-1850, 14 vols. - Arnaud, C. A. de, The New Era in Russia, Washington, 1890.- Arnheim, F., Der ausserordentliche Finländische Landtag, Leipsic, 1900.-Avril, A. d', Négociations relatives au traité de Berlin et aux arrangements qui ont suivi, Paris, 1886.

Bain, R. N., Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish empire (Heroes of the Nations series) New York, 1895; The Pupils of Peter the Great. A History of the Russian Court and Empire from 1697 to 1740, Westminster, 1897; The Daughter of Peter the Great. A History

of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1762), Westminster, 1899. — Bakunin, A., M. Herzen, and others, Sozial-politischer Briefwechsel. Mit einer biographischen Einleitung von M. Dragomanov. Autorisirte Übersetzung aus dem russischen von B. Minzer, Stuttgart, 1895. (Bibliothek russischer Denkwürdigkeiten, vol. 6).—Bantysh-Kamenski, D. N. Istorya maloi Rossii (History of Little Russia) Moscow, 1842.

Bantysh-Kamenski was born in Moscow in 1788. Between 1825 and 1828 he was governor of Tobolsk, and from 1836 to 1838, governor of Vilna. After that he was engaged in the ministry of the interior. He died at St. Petersburg in 1850. Besides his "History of Little Russia," which is to this day the only complete history in this department, he also wrote a biographical dictionary and the lives of a number of Russian statesmen and commanders.

Bantysh-Kamenski, N., Diplomatitcheskoe sobranie dyel mezhdu Rossiiskim i Kitaiskim gosudarstvom s 1619 po 1792 god (a collection of diplomatic papers between the Russian and Chinese empires from 1619 to 1792) Kazan, 1882; Obzor vnyeshnikh snoshenyi Rossii po 1800 g (a review of the foreign relations of Russia up to the year 1800, Courland, Livonia, Esthonia, Poland, and Portugal), Moscow, 1897.-Bell, R., Russia (Cabinet Cyclopædia series), London, 1836, 3 vol.-Bernhardi, T. von, Geschichte Russlands und der europäischen Politik in den Jahren 1814-1831, Leipsic, 1868-1878, 3 vols. -Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N., Russkaya istorya (Russian history) St. Petersburg, 1872, 2 vol.

Konstantin Nikelaievitch Bestuzhev-Riumin was born in 1829. From 1865 to 1882 he was a professor at the university of St. Petersburg. Besides the History, he has been the author of a number of monographs. His method is thorough, painstaking, and minute. He insists on a many-sided study of the national life, and of the exclusion of all philosophical or general theories, and devotes much more space to internal than to external history, paying special attention to forms of family life, political organisation, law, religion, and literature. The introductory chapters give a valuable account of the source and authorities of Russian history. At his death, in 1897, he left his History a torso. It was translated into German by Dr. Schiemann (Mitau, 1873-1875).

Beveridge, A. J., The Russian Advance, New York, 1903. - Bigelow, P., The German Emperor and his Eastern Neighbors, New York, 1892. — Bilbassov, V. A., Istorya Ekateriny II (History of Catherine II), London, 1895, 2 vols. — Bilbassov, B., Katherina II, Kaiserin von Russland, im Urtheile der Weltlitteratur. Ubersetzt aus dem russischen mit einem Vorwort von T. Schiemann, Berlin, 1897, 2 vols; Geschichte Katharina II. Ubersetzt aus dem russischen von M. von Petzold, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols. -Bodenstedt, F. von, Die Völker des Kaukasus und ihre Freiheitskämpfe gegen die Russen, Berlin, 1855, 2 vols. - Bogdanovitch, M. I., Istorya tsarstvovanya imperatora Alexandra I i Rossii v yevo vremya (History of the reign of Alexander I and of Russia during his time) St. Petersburg, 1869-1871, 6`vols. — Bond, E. A., Russia at the Close of the 16th Century; comprising the treatise "Of the Russ Commonwealth," by G. Fletcher, and the travels of Sir J. Horsey (Hakluyt Society Publications, vol. 20), London, 1856. — Bookwalter, J. W., Siberia and Central Asia, New York, 1899. — Boulger, D. C., England and Russia in Central Asia, London, 1873, 5 vols. - Brodhead, J. M. N., Slav and Moslem: historical sketches, Charleston, S. C., 1894. - Brooks, C. W. S., Russians of the South, London, 1854. -Browning, O., Charles XII of Sweden, London, 1899. — Brueckner, A. Finanzgeschichtliche Studien: Kupfergeldkrisen, St. Petersburg, 1867; Kulturhistorische Studien: die Russen im Ausland: die Ausländer in Russland im 17. Jahrhundert, Riga, 1878; Ivan Possoschkow: Ideen und Zustände in Russland zur Zeit Peters des Grossen, Leipsic, 1878; Peter der Grosse, in Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, Berlin, 1879; Der Zarewitsch Alexei, Heidelberg, 1880; Katharina II, in Oncken's Weltgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, Berlin, 1883; Istorya Yekateriny II (History of Catherine II), St. Petersburg, 1885, 3 vols; Bilder aus Russlands Vergangenheit, Leipsic, 1887; Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte Russlands im 17. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1887; Die Europäisierung Russlands, Gotha, 1888; Geschichte Russlands: Überblick der Entwicklung bis zum Tode Peters des Grossen, in Geschichte der europäischen Staaten, Gotha, 1896.

Alexander Brueckner was born August 5, 1834, at St. Petersburg. After engaging for six years in business, he turned his attention to the study of history, which he pursued at Heidelberg, Jena, and Berlin. After returning to St. Petersburg he became professor of history at the Imperial School of law, in 1867 professor at the university of Odessa, and in 1872 at Dorpat. Owing to his German origin, he was removed in 1891 from Dorpat and transferred to the university of Kazan, but at his request he was permitted to settle at Jena. Brueckner is, like Schiemann and Eckhardt, a German-Russian, and as such has a special qualification for the presentation of Russian history to a West-European audience. He has written numerous works both in Russian and in German, and takes rank with the foremost historians of Russia. Brueggen, E. von der, Polens Auflösung, Leipsic, 1878; Wie Russland europäisch wurde, Leipsic, 1885. Bunge, F. G. von, Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Standesverhältnisse in Livonia, Esthonia, und Kurland bis 1561, Dorpat, 1838; der Orden der Schwertbrüder, Leipsic, 1875.Burtsev, V., and S. M. Kravtchinski, Za sto lyet (1800-1896). Sbornik po istorii polititcheskikh i obshtchestvennikh dvizhenyi v Rossii (One hundred years. Documents Relating to the History of Political and Social Movements in Russia), London, 1897.- Buturlin, Knyaz D. P., Histoire militaire de la campagne de Russia en 1812, Paris, 1824, 2 vols.

Cary, C., The Trans-Siberian Route, New York, 1902.-Catherine II, empress of Russia, Memoirs of the Empress Catherine II, written by herself, with a preface by A. Herzen, translated from the French, New York, 1859. Celestin, Fr. J., Russland seit Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft, Laibach, 1875.-Choiseul-Gouffier, (Tisenhaus), comtesse de, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the Court of Russia. Translated by M. B. Patterson, Chicago, 1901. - Colquhoun, A. R., Russia against India: The Struggle for Asia, New York, 1900. Coxe, W., An Account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and America: added, The Conquest of Siberia, and the history of the transactions and commerce between Russia and China, London, 1803. - Crusenstolpe, M. I. von, Der russische Hof von Peter I bis auf Nikolaus I, Hamburg, 1855-1859.-Curzon, G. N., Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question, London, 1889; Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892; Problems of the FarEast Japan, Corea, China, London, 1894; The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, London, 1896. — Custine, le marquis de, La Russie en 1839, Paris, 1844, 4 vols.

Danilevski, N. Y., Rossiya i Evropa: Vzgliad na kulturnyia i polititcheskyia otnoshenya slavianskavo mira k germano-romanskomu (Russia and Europe: a glance at the cultural and political relations of the Slav world to the German-Romance world), St. Petersburg, 1895. Day, W. A., The Russian Government in Poland. With a narrative of the Polish insurrection in 1863, London, 1867. - De la Gorce, P., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1894, 4 vols. Delord, T., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1868-1875, 6 vols. -Deutsch, L. G., Sixteen Years in Siberia, New York, 1903. De Windt, H., Finland as It Is, London, 1901. -Drage, G., Russian Affairs, New York, 1904. — Dubrovin, N. F., Pugatchev i yevo soobshtchniki (Pugatchev and his accomplices), St. Petersburg, 1884, 3 vols; Prisoedinenie Krima k Rossii (The annexation of the Crimea to Russia), St. Petersburg, 1885-1889, 4 vols. - Duggan, S. P. H., The Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy (Columbia studies in history, economics, and public law), New York, 1902.

Eckardt, J., Jungrussisch und Altlivländisch. Politische und culturgeschichtliche Aufsätze, Leipsic, 1871; Distinguished persons in Russian society (translated from the Author's Aus der Petersburger Gesellschaft), London, 1873; Aus der Petersburger Gesellschaft, 5th edition, Leipsic, 1880; Neue Folge, Leipsic, 1881; Von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1881; Russische Wandlungen. Neue Beiträge zur russischen Geschichte von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1882.

Julius von Eckhardt was born August 1, 1836, at Wolmar in Livonia. From 1860 to 1867 he was the secretary of the Evangelical-Lutheran Consistory at Riga, one of the editors of the Riga Zeitung, and an active member of the Liberal-German party in the Baltic provinces of Russia. After the leaders of this party had been removed from their offices on account of their Germanising tendencies, Eckardt emigrated to Germany, where he was active first as a journalist, then as secretary of the Hamburg senate, and finally as German consul at Tunis, Marseilles and Stockholm. Eckardt was the author of numerous works and pamphlets, many of which were published anonymously, on Russian, Baltic, and German affairs. He was less an historian than a publicist and politician; but he had an intimate knowledge of the Russia of his own day, the Russia of Alexander II and Alexander III, and his works are indispensable for an understanding of Russian parties and the vacillations of Russian public opinion. own point of view is that of a conservative liberal.

His

Edwards, H. D., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. -Engelmann, J., Peter der Grosse, seine Jugend und seine Reformen, Dorpat, 1872; Die Leibeigenschaft in Russland, Leipsic, 1884; Das Staatsrecht Russlands, in Marquardsen's Handbuch des öffentlichen Rechts, vol. 4, Freiburg, 1888. - Engels, F., Die auswärtige Politik des russischen Zarenthums, in Neue Zeit, Stuttgart, 1890.

Favre, L., Histoire de la guerre entre la Russie et la Turquie, Niort, 1879. - Fenton, F. de, La Russie dans l'Asie-Mineure; ou, Campagnes du Maréchal Paskewitch en 1828 et 1829, Paris, 1840. -Ferrand, A. de, Histoire des trois démembrements de la Pologne, Paris, 1865, 3 vols. Fischer, I. E., Sibirskaya istorya s samavo otkrytya (A history of Siberia from its discovery), St. Petersburg, 1774.-Fisher, J. R., Finland and the Tsars, London, 1899. -Flerovski, N., Tri polititcheskya sistemy: Nikolai I, Alexander II, Alexander III, (Three political systems: Nicholas I, Alexander II. Alexander III), Geneva, 1897, (German translation, Berlin, 1898). Foster-Fraser, J., The Real Siberia, London, 1902. -Foulke, W, D., Slav or Saxon: A Study of the Growth and Tendencies of Russian Civilisation, New York, 1887. Fowler, G., History of the War between Turkey and Russia to the End of 1854, London, 1855. -Fraehn, C. M., Ibn Fosslans und anderer Araber Berichte über die Russen älterer Zeit, St. Petersburg, 1823. Fraser, J. F., The Real Siberia; with an account of a dash through Manchuria, New York, 1902.-Frederica, Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess Royal of Russia, Memoirs, London, 1812, 2 vols.

Galakhov, A. D., Istorya russkoi slovesnosti (History of Russian literature), Moscow, 1894, 2 vols. Galitsyne, A., Le faux Pierre III, trad. de Pouchkine, Paris, 1858. - George, H. B., Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, New York, 1899.-Gerebtzov, N. de, Essai sur