1. Abdellah, F.G., and Levine, E., “Developing a Measure of Patient and Personnel Satisfaction With Nursing Care," Nursing Research 5:100-108, 1957.

2. Abdellah, F.G., and Levine, E., Effect of Nurse Staffing on Satisfaction With Hospital Care, Hospital Monograph Series No. 4 (Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association, 1958).

3. Abramowitz, S., Cote, A.A., and Berry, E., "Analyzing Patient Satisfaction: A Multianalytic Approach," Quality Review Bulletin 13:122-130,

1987.

4. Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care, Inc., Accreditation Handbook for Ambulatory Health Care, 1987-88 Edition (Skokie, IL: 1987).

5. Adams, D.F, Fraser, D.B., and Abrams, H.L., "The Complications of Coronary Arteriography," Circulation 48(3):609-618, 1973.

6. Adams, E.K., and Zuckerman, S., "Variation in the Growth and Incidence of Medical Malpractice Claims," Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 9:475-488, Fall 1984.

7. Aday, L.A., and Andersen, R.A., Access to Medical Care (Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1975).

8. Aday, L.A., Andersen, R.A., and Fleming, G.V., Health Care in the U.S.: Equitable for Whom? (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing Co., 1980).

9. Advisory Board for Osteopathic Specialists, "Requirements for Certification: Advisory Board for Osteopathic Specialists and Boards of Certification," Chicago, IL, 1987.

10. Affeldt, J.E., Roberts, J.S., and Walczac, R.M., "Quality Assurance-Its Origin, Status, and Future Direction-A JCAH Perspective," Evaluation and the Health Professions 6(2):245-248, June 1983.

11. Ahlgren, L., Associate Director, Department of Research and Development, Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Chicago, IL, personal communication, Feb. 19, 1987.

12. Aleshire, P., "Eastbay Hospitals Top State Death Rates," The Tribune (Oakland, CA), p. D1, Sept. 18, 1986.

13. Alpert, J.J., Kosa, J., Haggerty, R.J., et al., “Attitudes and Satisfactions of Low-Income Fami

lies Receiving Comprehensive Pediatric Care," American Journal of Public Health 60:499-506, 1970.

14. Altman, S.H., Chairman, Prospective Payment Assessment Commission, Washington, DC, letter to Director of the Health Care Financing Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov. 13, 1987. 15. American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Guidelines for Perinatal Care (Evanston, IL: 1983).

16. American Board of Internal Medicine, "Policies and Procedures," Philadelphia, PA, 1988. 17. American Board of Medical Specialties, "Compendium of Certified Medical Specialists," Evanston, IL, 1986.

18. American Board of Medical Specialties, Annual Report & Reference Handbook (Evanston, IL: 1987).

19. American Board of Medical Specialties, "Medical Specialty Certification and Related Matters," Evanston, IL, 1987.

20. American Board of Medical Specialties, "SelfDesignated Boards," Evanston, IL, June 16,

1987.

21. American Board of Medical Specialties, Committee on Study of Evaluation Procedures, "Suggestions on Evaluating Residents for Specialty Boards," Evanston, IL, 1986.

22. American College of Cardiology, "The 17th Bethesda Conference-Adult Cardiology Training," Bethesda, MD, 1986.

23. American College of Emergency Physicians and Emergency Nurses Association, "Emergency Care Guidelines (revised)," Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:486-490, Apr. 4, 1986. 24. American College of Physicians, Guide for the Use of ACP Statements on Clinical Competence (Philadelphia, PA: March 1987).

25. American College of Surgeons, "Statements on Principles," Chicago, IL, June 1985. 26. American College of Surgeons, Hospital and Prehospital Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient and Appendices A Through J (Chicago, IL: 1986).

27. American College of Surgeons, Commission on Cancer, Cancer Program Manual 1986 (Chicago, IL: 1986).

28. American College of Surgeons, Commission on Cancer, "Hospital Cancer Program Fact Sheet," Chicago, IL, undated.

29. American Hospital Association, American Hospital Association Guide to the Health Care Field (Chicago, IL: Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals, 1986).

30. American Hospital Association, Medical Malpractice Task Force Report on Tort Reform and Compendium of Professional Liability Early Warning Systems for Health Care Providers (Chicago, IL: 1986).

31. American Medical Association, The American Medical Directory (Chicago, IL: 1986). 32. American Medical Association, "Statutes on Medical Disciplinary Boards," State Health Legislation Report 14(3):14-25, 1986.

33. American Medical Association, "AMA Initiative on Quality of Medical Care and Professional Self Regulation," Chicago, IL, June 1986. 34. American Medical Association, "Reports of Council on Medical Service," Chicago, IL, June 1986.

35. American Medical Association, Physician Characteristics and Distribution: 1986 (Chicago, IL: 1987).

36. American Medical Association, "Report of the Board of Trustees: Categorization of Hospital Emergency Capabilities," Chicago, IL, 1987. 37. American Medical Association, Seeking Quality Medical Care: What You Should Know (Chicago, IL: 1987).

38. American Medical Association, Commission on Emergency Medical Services, Provisional Guidelines for the Optimal Categorization of Hospital Emergency Capabilities (Chicago, IL: 1982). 39. American Medical Association, Division of Health Policy and Program Evaluation, Department of Health Care Review, "Confronting Regional Variations: The Maine Approach," Chicago, IL, 1986.

40. American Medical Association, Division of Survey and Data Resources, "Intended Use of AMA Physician Masterfile Codes for Self-Designation of Practice Specialty," Chicago, IL, January 1987.

41. American Medical News, "Battle Over Performance Monitoring Shapes Up," American Medical News, p. 1, Oct. 16, 1987.

42. American Psychological Association, Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1974).

43. Anderson, J.G., and Bartkus, D.E., “Choice of Medical Care: A Behavioral Model of Health and Illness Behavior," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 14(4):348-362, 1973.

44. Ashworth, J.W., Executive Director, The Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, personal communication, Feb. 18, 1988. 45. Association of Community Cancer Centers, "Application for Membership," Rockville, MD, undated.

46. Association of Community Cancer Centers, Standards (Rockville, MD: undated).

47. Australian National Blood Pressure Management Committee, "The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension," Lancet 1:12611267, 1980.

48. Avant, D., Vice President for Accreditation Surveys, Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Chicago, IL, personal communication, Dec. 30, 1987, and January

1988.

49. Ayliffe, G.A.J., "Nosocomial Infection: The Irreducible Minimum," Infection Control 7:92-95, 1986.

50. Bachman, S.S., Pomerantz, D., and Tell, E., "Making Employers Smart Buyers of Health Care," Business and Health 4(9):28-34, 1987. 51. Ball, J.R., "Credentials vs. Privileges: Another Look," Hospital Privileges and Specialty Medicine (Chicago, IL: American Board of Medical Specialties, 1986).

52. Ballard, D.J., Strogatz, D.S., Wagner, E.H., et al., "The Edgecombe County High Blood Pressure Control Program: The Process of MedicalCare and Blood Pressure Control," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2(5):278-284, 1986.

53. Banta, H.D., Behney, C.B., and Willems, J.S., Toward Rational Technology in Medicine (New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co., 1981). 54. Banton, L., Secretary Peer Assessment Committee, The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, personal communication, Dec. 2, 1987.

55. Bargmann, E., and Grove, C., Surgery in Maryland Hospitals 1979 and 1980: Charges and Deaths (Washington, DC: Public Citizen Health Research Group, 1982).

56. Bartlett, E.E., Grayson, M., Barker, R., et al., "The Effects of Physician Communications Skills on Patient Satisfaction, Recall, and Adherence," Journal of Chronic Diseases 37:755-764, 1984.

57. Batalden, P., Vice President for Medical Care, Hospital Corporation of America, Nashville, TN, personal communication, Aug. 3, 1987. 58. Batalden, P.B., and O'Connor, J.P., Quality Assurance in Ambulatory Care (Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1980).

59. Bates, B., A Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking (Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1987).

60. Bauer, R.A., “Consumer Behavior as Risk Taking," Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, R.S. Hancock (ed.) (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1960).

61. Becker, M.H., "Psychosocial Aspects of HealthRelated Behavior," Handbook of Medical Sociology, H.E. Freeman, S. Levine, and L.G. Reeder (eds.) (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, Inc., 1979).

62. Becker, M.H., "Patient Adherence to Prescribed Therapies," Medical Care 23(5):539-555, 1985. 63. Becker, M.H., Maiman, L.A., Kirscht, J.P., et al., "The Health Belief Model and Prediction of Dietary Compliance: A Field Experiment," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 18:348-366, December 1977.

64. Belsky, M.S., and Gross, L., Beyond the Medical Mystique: How To Choose and Use Your Doctor (New York, NY: Priam Books, 1975). 65. Bennett, D., and Campbell, K., "Most Consumers Show Little Concern in Selecting HealthServices Providers," Marketing News, p. 14, Aug. 15, 1986.

66. Bertakis, K.D., "The Communication of Information From Physician to Patient: A Method for Increasing Patient Retention and Satisfaction," Journal of Family Practice 5:217-222, 1977.

67. Berwick, D. (Harvard Community Health Plan, Cambridge, MA), and Batalden, P. (Hospital Corporation of America, Nashville, TN), "Toward an Alternative Theory of Quality Improvement," 1987.

68. Berwick, D., and Godfrey, A.B., "Industrial Quality Control and Health Care," Harvard Community Health Plan, Cambridge, MA, August 1986.

69. Berwick, D., Ware, J.E., Jr., Nelson, E., et al., "Patient Judgements of Hospital Quality: Report of a Pilot Study," Harvard Community Health Plan, Cambridge, MA, forthcoming.

70. Bettman, J.R., An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979).

71. Billings, J., and Eddy, E., "Physician Decision Making Limited by Evidence," Business and Health 5(1):23-28, 1987.

72. Blendon, R.J., Aiken, L.H., Freeman, H.E., et al., "Uncompensated Care by Hospitals or Public Insurance for the Poor: Does it Make Difference?" New England Journal of Medicine 314(18):1160-1163, 1986.

73. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Ohio, "Consumer Guide for Patients and Physicians," Cleveland, OH, May 1987.

74. Blumberg, M.S., “Regional Differences in Hospital Use Standardized by Reported Morbidity," Medical Care 20:931-944, September 1982. 75. Blumberg, M.S., "At Risk for Hospitalization: Differences by Health Insurance Coverage and Income," Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, Vol. 5, R.M. Scheffler and L.F. Rossiter (eds.) (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1984).

76. Blumberg, M.S., "Measures of Risk for ShortTerm Hospital Days and Part B Covered Charges in the 1977 CMS Aged Sample," Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Oakland, CA, Apr. 10, 1985.

77. Blumberg, M.S., “Risk-Adjusting Health Care Outcomes: A Methodologic Review," Medical Care Review 43:351-393, 1986.

78. Blumberg, M.S., "Comments on HCFA Hospital Death Rate Statistical Outliers," Health Services Research 21(6):715-739, February 1987. 79. Blumberg, M.S., "Scholarly Debate: Inter-Area Variations in Age-Adjusted Health Status," Medical Care 25(4):340-353, April 1987. 80. Blumberg, M.S., "Maryland Mortality for NonElective Surgery: A Prototype RAMO System," Oakland, CA, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., May 6, 1987.

81. Blumberg, M.S., "Measuring Surgical Quality in Maryland: A Model," Health Affairs 7(1):6278, 1988.

82. Bodendorf, F.M., Assistant Director, Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council, Harrisburg, PA, personal communication, Dec. 30, 1987, and Feb. 18, 1988.

83. Booth, P., Branch Chief, Utilization Review Branch, Health Care Financing Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, personal communication, Feb. 11, 1988, Mar. 2, 1988, and Apr. 4, 1988. 84. Borgiel, A.E.M., "Assessing the Quality of Care in Family Physicians' Practices by the College of Family Physicians of Canada," presentation

at the Institute of Medicine Health Care Technology Forum on Quality of Care and Technology, Washington, DC, May 15, 1987. 85. Borgiel, A.E.M., Chairman, Practice Assessment Committee, College of Family Physicians of Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, personal communication, August 1987, and Sept. 28, 1987. 86. Borgiel, A.E.M., Williams, J.I., Anderson, G.M., et al., "Assessing the Quality of Care in Family Physicians' Practices," Canadian Family Physician 31(4):853-862, 1985. 87. Bovbjerg, R., "Medical Malpractice on Trial: Quality of Care Is the Important Standard," Law and Contemporary Problems 49(2):321348, spring 1986.

88. Bovbjerg, R., Senior Research Associate, Urban Institute, Washington, DC, personal communication, Dec. 1, 1987.

89. Braunwald, E., Isselbacher, K.J., Petersdorf, R.G., et al. (eds.), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1987).

91. Breaden, D.G., Associate Executive Vice President, The Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, Fort Worth, TX, personal communication, Sept. 30, 1987, Oct. 13, 1987, and Feb. 9, 1988.

90. Breaden, D.G., and Galusha, B.L., "Official 1985 Federation Summary of Reported Disciplinary Actions," Federation Bulletin 73:300-305, 1986.

92. Breslau, N., and Mortimer, E.A., "Seeing the Same Doctor: Determinants of Satisfaction With Specialty Care," Medical Care 19:741-758, 1981. 93. Brewster, A.C., Jacobs, C.M., and Bradbury, R.C., "Special Report: Classifying Severity of Illness by Using Clinical Findings," Health Care Financing Review, Annual Supplement, pp. 107109, December 1984.

94. Brewster, A.C., Karlin, B.G., Hyde, L.A., et al., "MEDISGRPS: A Clinically Based Approach to Classifying Hospital Patients at Admission," Inquiry 22:377, 1985.

95. Britt, M.R., Burke, J.P., Nordquist, A.G., et al., "Infection Control in Small Hospitals: Prevalence Surveys in 18 Institutions," Journal of the American Medical Association 236(15):17001703, 1976.

96. Britt, M.R., Schleupner, C.J., and Matsumiya, S., "Severity of Underlying Disease as a Predictor of Nosocomial Infection: Utility in the Control of Nosocomial Infection," Journal of the American Medical Association 239(11):10471051, 1978.

97. Brody, B.A., "HCFA Data ReleaseGovernment Abuse or Patient Right?" Hospital Physician, pp. 36-40, June 1986. 98. Brook, H., Deputy Director, Office of Medical Review, Health Care Financing Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, personal communication, Mar. 16, 1988.

99. Brook, R.H., Quality of Care Assessment: A Comparison of Five Methods of Peer Review (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1973).

100. Brook, R.H., and Appel, F.A., "Quality-of-Care Assessment: Choosing a Method for Peer Review," New England Journal of Medicine 288(25):1323-1329, 1973.

101. Brook, R.H., Brutoco, R., and Williams, K.N., "The Relationship Between Medical Malpractice and Quality of Care," Duke Law Journal 1975:1197-1231, 1975.

102. Brook, R.H., Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., et al., "Educating Physicians and Treating Patients in the Ambulatory Setting: Where Are We Going and How Will We Know When We Arrive?" Annals of Internal Medicine 107:392-398, 1987. 103. Brook, R.H., and Lohr, K.N., "Efficacy, Effectiveness, Variations and Quality: BoundaryCrossing Research," Medical Care 23(5):710-722, May 1985.

104. Brook, R.H., and Lohr, K.N., "Monitoring Quality of Care in the Medicare Program: Two Proposed Systems," Journal of the American Medical Association 258(21):3138-3141, 1987. 105. Brook, R.H., and Williams, K.N., "Quality of Health Care for the Disadvantaged," Journal of Community Health 1(2):132-156. 1975. 106. Budetti, P., McManus, P., Barrand, N., et al., The Costs and Effectiveness of Neonatal Intensive Care (Health Technology Case Study #10), prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, OTA-BP-H-9 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1981); also available as PB 82-101 411 (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, August 1981).

107. Bunker, J.P., and Brown, B.W., "The Physician-Patient as an Informed Consumer of Surgical Services," New England Journal of Medicine 290(19):1051-1055, 1974.

108. Bunker, J.P., Forrest, W.H., Jr., Mosteller, F., et al., The National Halothane Study (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969). 109. Burda, D., "Physician Data Base Spurs Legal, Ethical Debate," Hospitals 61(2):56, Jan. 20, 1987.

110. Burg, F.D., and Lloyd, J.S., "Definitions of Competence: A Conceptual Framework," Evaluating the Skills of Medical Specialists (Chicago, IL: American Board of Medical Specialties, 1983).

111. Cahill, N.E., "Developing Law on Professional Standards and Peer Review in Quality Assessment Activities," contractor document prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, December 1987. 112. California Blue Shield, "Bypass Surgery Survival Odds Much Better at Some Hospitals: Blue Shield Study Finds Lives and Dollars Could Be Saved," press release, Rencho Cordova, CA, May 21, 1986.

113. California Department of Health Services, Licensing and Certification, Facility Listing (Sacramento, CA: 1987).

114. California Medical Association and California Hospital Association, Report on the Medical Insurance Feasibility Study (San Francisco, CA: Sutter Publications, Inc., August 1977). 115. California Medical Review, Inc., "CMRI Releases Medicare Data for California Hospitals," CMRI press release, San Francisco, CA, Aug. 18, 1986.

116. California Medical Review, Inc. "California Medical Review, Inc. (CMRI) Releases DRGSpecific Medicare Data on State Hospitals: Executive Summary," San Francisco, CA, 1987. 117. California Medical Review, Inc., San Francis

co, CA, Premature Discharge Study prepared for the Health Care Financing Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, undated.

118. Cancer Letter, "CCOP, Another 'Jewel,' Into Second Life Following Bitter Recompetition," Cancer Letter 14(8):3-8, 1988.

119. Cancila, C., "JCAH to Review Clinical Outcomes," American Medical News, p. 1, Sept. 19, 1986.

120. Carmel, S., "Satisfaction With Hospitalization: A Comparative Analysis of Three Types of Services," Social Science and Medicine 21:1243-1249, 1985.

121. Carney, S.L., and Mitchell, K.R., "Satisfaction of Patients With Medical Students' Clinical Skills," Journal of Medical Education 61:374-379, 1986.

122. Carper, J., Health Care, U.S.A. (New York, NY: Prentice Hall Press, 1987).

123. Carter, W.B., Inui, T., Kukull, W., et al., "Outcome-Based Doctor-Patient Interaction Analysis, Part II: Identifying Effective Provider

127. Champion, H., Chief Director, Critical Surgical Care Services, Medstar, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, personal communication, March 1988.

127b. Champion, H. (Chief Director, Critical Surgical Care Services, Medstar, Washington Hospital Center), and Teter, H. (Attorney at Law, Bricker & Eckler), "State Laws and Regulations," Washington, DC, 1988.

128. Chang, B.L., Uman, G.C., Linn, L.S., et al., "The Effect of Systematically Varying Components of Nursing Care on Satisfaction in Elderly Ambulatory Women," Western Journal of Nursing Research 6:367-379, 1984.

129. Charles, J.G., "Using Informed Choice To Combat Health Costs," Business and Health 4(9):3638, 1987.

130. Chase, R.A., and Burg, F.D., "Reexamination/Recertification," Archives of Surgery 112(1):19-25, 1977.

131. Chassin, M.R., Kosecoff, J., Park, R.E., et al., "Does Inappropriate Use Explain Geographic Variations in the Use of Health Care Services?" Journal of the American Medical Association 258(18):2533-2537, 1987.

132. Chenoweth, J., "Hospital Associations Must Prepare Members for PRO Data Release," Baselines: A Monthly Newsletter 1:1-2, 1985. 133. Christoffel, T., and Loewenthal, M., "Evaluating the Quality of Ambulatory Care: A Review of Emerging Methods," Medical Care 15:877897, 1977.

134. Chu, J., Diehr, P., Feigl, P., et al., "The Effect of Age on the Care of Women With Breast Cancer in Community Hospitals," Journal of Gerontology 42:185, 1987.

135. Clemmer, T., Orme, J., Thomas, F., et al., "Outcome of Critically Injured Patients Treated at Level I Trauma Centers Versus Full-Service Community Hospitals," Critical Care Medicine 13(10):861-863, 1985.

136. Coale, J., Director, Department of Corporate Relations, Joint Commission on the Accredita