The particularly more disturbed ones carried away from the film not only the comment message of the film that taking drugs is dangerous, can be frightening and lead to criminal activities, but many carried away a message which wasn't in the film but which they saw there because of the association of glamorous personalities who were taking drugs. So if I can conclude very hastily about this, the effect of this film with its excellent message on many young people particularly the more disturbed ones and the more impressionable ones and susceptible to the influence of mass medium, the effect of this film was to heighten their interest in drugs as a source of emotional support and to give them the vague feeling that perhaps there might be something good to be derived from taking them.

Of course they got the bad part of the film too, the negative part but there was a statistically significant number of young people who picked up feelings about drugs which perhaps that in an appropriate setting might lead them to begin experimenting with them. Since the age for onset of addiction at least in the New York City area is steadily declining, it seems to me that this may be a very serious effect of some of our otherwise excellent mass media material.

Mr. MITLER. You think a person can cure the habit or get off drugs simply by will or does it require some more assistance or help?

Chairman KEFAUVER. Before you answer that, let me see if I can get straight with that what the result of your experimentation with this film was. You find that a larger number were reinforced in their determination not to fool with drugs and treat them dangerously or a larger number were their will power to be influenced by these chemicals that make you feel good was reinforced?

Dr. WINICK. I don't know of any

Chairman KEFAUVER. Was it good or bad? I didn't exactly get your testimony.

Dr. WINICK. I don't know any test for willpower and I was not measuring that. I was measuring the degree of interest in drugs and the degree of tolerance toward the use of drugs. This was measured by various questions. In a statistically significant number of cases especially in the cases of the more disturbed youngsters the degree of tolerance toward drugs was increased and the degree of interest in the use of drugs was increased as determined by comparing the pre and post answers. The majority of all the youngsters did not increase their tolerance of drugs but a large enough minority did.

Chairman KEFAUVER. In other words the minority of the 1,500 did have a tolerance toward drugs and related chemicals increase? Dr. WINICK. Yes, Senator.

Chairman KEFAUVER. As a result of seeing the picture?

Dr. WINICK. Yes. They developed a more emancipated attitude toward using these drugs.

Chairman KEFAUVER. By emancipated you mean they would be more likely

Dr. WINICK. To experiment

Chairman KEFAUVER. Than those who did not see the picture?
Dr. WINICK. Yes, sir.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Did seeing the picture do anybody any good? Dr. WINICK. There were a number of persons who had their negative attitudes toward taking drugs reinforced by seeing the film.

Yes; many of these young people came away with the feeling of horror and grimness.

Chairman KEFAUVER. But overall on balance, the attitude and the position of these 1,500 young people was not helped by seeing the picture?

Dr. WINICK. The attitude of a goodly number of them was not helped. We want to emphasize it is very difficult to isolate the effect of one communication like a film or speech or talk. Therefore we are guessing here but I believe we can guess with a certain amount of statistical precision because we have a group and we have a baseline before and after the exposure to the film.

Chairman KEFAUVER. I suppose the best way to get at it, would you recommend your children or your neighbor's normal children go to see the film or not?

Dr. WINICK. I wouldn't know how to answer that. I would say that the more disturbed a youngster is, the more likely he is to pick up a more emancipated attitude about taking drugs from the film. The healthier the youngster is the more revolted and horrified will he be about the effect of the film. In other words it is impossible to generalize because we have all kinds of children and on the basis of more disturbed and less disturbed the effect varies greatly.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Senator Langer, you have a question?

Senator LANGER. I wish he would define what he means by "disturbed youngsters."

Dr. WINICK. By a "disturbed youngster" I mean a young person who has an emotional problem which involves his relationship with other people, his relationship with himself, his expression of anxiety, his being exceptionally aggressive, having difficulty in behaving in a schoolroom.

Not being able to determine as well as he can perform as determined by tests, teachers' ratings, parents' comments, and trouble with other children and so forth.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Dr. Winick, by the way, all these are experimentations in treatment and have all been conducted by you on a voluntary basis by you and your group; is that right?

Dr. WINICK. Yes. Every participating therapist has volunteered and has received no payment from any source.

Chairman KEFAUVER. How many are there?

Dr. WINICK. We have 27 equally divided among psychiatrists, social workers, and psychologists. What they have in common is knowledge and experience in the application of psychotherapeutic methods.

Chairman KEFAUVER. These treatments were started in 1955.
Dr. WINICK. In the summer of 1955; yes, sir.

Chairman KEFAUVER. So that it has been conducted for a year and a half?

Dr. WINICK. A year and a half; yes.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Do you feel that addiction can be permanently cured by therapy, by psychoanalysis or treatments of psychology? That is given normal assistance and cooperation?

Dr. WINICK. Our experience has shown that first addicts are accessible to psychotherapy and it is generally believed that the most lasting cures, the most ultimate type of change in a person which

can be affected by any kind of psychiatric treatment is that affected by psychoanalytic psychotherapy. This is generally regarded to be the case in the field. I would say if any group has any chance of remaining permanently cured if we can use an ambiguous term like "cure," it is a group that has had psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Their chances of never going back to drugs are far greater than any other group.

There is a group of persons we know that cures itself. The typical addict in the New York area undergoes four cures. These are people who taper off with an increasing amount of time between each time they kick the habit and then go back to it. But we have no statistics on these people. We can't organize any treatment in which people treat themselves and so far as I know this is the best kind of treatment where ultimate modification of personality is needed.

Since the addict is an emotionally sick man and this treatment tries to cope with his basic emotional illness, it would seem to me this offers certainly the best possibility for ultimate cure.

Chairman KEFAUVER. You said that people who cure themselves according to statistics taken in New York City were 4, you mean 4 percent?

Dr. WINICK. No; various studies have shown that the typical addict has undergone four cures. He may have undergone a cure himself. He may have gone to Lexington for four times. He may have gone to private hospitals four times. But I believe that the typical one has undergone 4 cures and we know that a series of relapses is part of the disease. We don't regard it as alarming that a patient who has an organic disease like diabetes if he has to go back to the hospital for a checkup now and then and get more shots. But we have our moral attitudes toward human behavior so closely interwoven with our attitudes toward drug addiction that we regard it as more or less morally wrong for an addict to have these many cures and relapses.

People assume that an addict is an addict because he does not exercise his will.

Chairman KEFAUVER. What you are testifying to is of great importance to us and to the public and to the committee of Congress with appropriations for treatment of these unfortunate people at Lexington and Fort Worth. I would like to get it as specific as I can. Do you feel that with therapy, psychiatry or psychology, that you can in good number of cases give reasonable cooperation and help the patients to be in a position to lead a normal life without going back to drugs?

Dr. WINICK. Yes; I would certainly say so and I would say the younger the patient and the fewer the number of years he has been on drugs, the better the chances for psychoanalytic therapy.

Chairman KEFAUVER. You have had there thirty-odd patients under treatment for a year and a half. How long do you contemplate taking the normal ones, with reasonable cooperation, the length of your therapeutic treatment would have to last?

Dr. WINICK. That is a matter to be decided entirely by the therapist depending on each individual case and you would make your decision. in conjunction with a patient.

Chairman KEFAUVER. I know one might take much longer than the other.

Dr. WINICK. Yes, of course.

Chairman KEFAUVER. What is your general concensus?

You are working on this project. The average one would be 2 years, 22 years, 3 years?

Dr. WINICK. It is impossible to generalize. I would say that we might look at the general range of time that is needed to cure severe neuroses where figures like the ones you cite are often typical, in other words 22 years, 3 years, and so forth. Since the addict is usually likely to be suffering from very severe emotional disorder, that would probably be almost a minimum period. I am not talking about merely getting the addict

Chairman KEFAUVER. Then does the frequency of therapeutic treatments taper off with the passing of time if the patient has been making reasonable progress?

Dr. WINICK. Not necessarily, no. Usually a set number of visits per week is established and that is maintained until the end of the treatment unless there are factors why it should be shortened.

Chairman KEFAUVER. All right, Mr. Mitler, do you want to ask any further questions?

Mr. MITLER. I don't have any other questions. If you will submit for the record the two articles

Dr. WINICK. I will.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Senator Langer?

Senator LANGER. No questions.

Chairman KEFAUVER. As I get it from you, Dr. Winick, you feel that with addiction that there is a sufficient hope that psychiatry and other treatments can help cure people with their cooperation and that they should not be considered as once an addict, always an addict, a hopeless drag on society?

Dr. WINICK. I would certainly agree that there is a goodly number that can be reached this way and that can be cured and what we need is more study of successful experience, more research and less hopelessness within the healing profession itself.

Chairman KEFAUVER. All right. Thank you very much.

Dr. WINICK. I appreciate the opportunity of appearing before you. Chairman KEFAUVER. Well, we appreciate it very much. We are interested in this.

Senator LANGER. When you speak of therapy, does that mean chiropractic?

Dr. WINICK. No; when we speak of psychotherapy we mean one person, a therapist listening to what another person, the patient, says and then a mutual discussion about these communications, involving interpretation of what the patient says and so forth. In other words, there is a verbal communication back and forth. There is no necessity or provision or requirement for any manipulation of the body.

Senator LANGER. Of course, in some of these chiropractic clinics, as a matter of fact, they have accomplished just what you have accomplished; isnt' that true?

Dr. WINICK. I don't know enough about it to say. I have heard of many successes.

Senator LANGER. Our subcommittee made a study of chiropractic about 2 years ago. We had doctors in from the Sears Clinic in Denver, Colo., and they made the claim that their treatments had cured some of these addicts. I thought you might interested in that.

Dr. WINICK. Yes; I am.

Senator LANGER. All right.

Chairman KEFAUVER. But the therapy you refer to is not physiotherapy, it is mental.

Dr. WINICK. No; it is psychotherapy where the patient talks and the therapist listens and the therapist interprets what he learns from the patient.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Thank you very much, Dr. Winick.

The subcommittee will stand in recess until 2 o'clock this afternoon. (Whereupon, at 12:40 p. m., a recess was taken, to reconvene at 2 p. m. of the same day.)

AFTERNOON SESSION

Chairman KEFAUVER. We will get started now.

Senator Langer will be here shortly, and he asked us to proceed. Mr. Mitler, who is your next witness?

Mr. MITLER. The next witness, Senator, is testifying. His name is not to be used.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Let's use some other name.

Mr. MITLER. We will use the name of "Paul Taylor."

"Mr. Taylor," you come from the

Chairman KEFAUVER. Do you want Mr. Taylor sworn?

Mr. MITLER. I think it would be wise to have him sworn.
Chairman KEFAUVER. Stand up, sir.

Do you swear the testimony you will give will be the truth, so help you God?

"Mr. TAYLOR." Yes, sir.

Mr. MITLER. Of course, his picture is not to be taken.

TESTIMONY OF "PAUL TAYLOR” (A FICTITIOUS NAME SUPPLIED BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE)

Mr. MITLER. "Mr. Taylor," you come from the District of Columbia? "Mr. TAYLOR." Yes, sir.

Mr. MITLER. Could you talk a little closer to the mike.

When you were 17 years old, did you become a drug addict?

"Mr. TAYLOR." Yes, sir.

Mr. MITLER. And you became addicted to what drug?

"Mr. TAYLOR." To heroin.

Mr. MITLER. I see.

Did there come a time when you

Chairman KEFAUVER. How did you get addicted? Did you have marihuana first?

"Mr. TAYLOR." Yes, sir.

Chairman KEFAUVER. Won't you tell us about it?

"Mr. TAYLOR." Well, the first shot I ever took, I was on a Navy ship, and out of curiosity I took a shot of morphine tartrate. I drank a lot, and I liked to get "high." And I later found access to marihuana. I smoked for a few months, and then began using heroin. Mr. MITLER. Did there come a time when you decided you wanted to get assistance, and you went somewhere for help?

"Mr. TAYLOR." Yes, sir. After being addicted about 5 years, I went to Lexington for voluntary treatment.