scholarship proposal which will accomplish a meaningful mission. I certainly do not consider that the proposed bill H.R. 805, will suddenly transform all uninspired students into eager applicants for college or university study. What I do propose is the establishment of national defense scholarships for persons determined by State commissions to be in need of financial assistance to continue education at an institution of higher education.

H.R. 805 is not a complicated bill. There is no barrage of mumbo jumbo. It would establish national defense scholarships through an amendment to the already established and enthusiastically received National Defense Education Act. In the main the bill would provide for scholarships of $500 to students during each academic year for 4 years. There is a provision which allows students in special need, as reviewed by the State commission, to receive an additional amount not to exceed $500 per academic year.

As I have indicated, persons receiving scholarships would be selected by State commissions on the basis of objective tests and other measure of aptitude and ability to pursue study leading to a bachelor's degree successfully. In keeping with the specialized national needs for individuals in science, mathematics, or modern foreign languages, which is the general frame of reference of the NDEA, the bill would provide for special consideration of those with superior capacity or preparation in these areas.

The proposal is not overpowering in its appropriations of allotments. It would authorize that there be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for each of the 2 succeeding fiscal years the sum of $17,500,000. Allotments to the States are to be in the ratio of the State's population between the ages of 18 and 21 and the total regulation of all the States between such ages. What I am proposing is assistance to individuals which leads ultimately to the total welfare of the Nation. In view of the many ramifications of problems in costs and expenses of higher education today, and the need for a more highly educated citizenry, I hope that this committee will favorably report H.R. 805. I hope the commitee will amend my bill so as to have it cover students in colleges which require 5 years instead of 4 years of attendance for certain of the sciences and engineering courses, as well as medical and dental students who have successfully completed their premedical or predental collegiate work. Thank you.

TABLE 1.—Major items of students' mean current expenditures, 1952–53 actual and 1960-61 estimated expenditures1

1 Goldthorpe, J. Harold, "Outlook for the Costs of Attending College," Nov. 16, 1960, in a paper before the Agricultural Outlook Conference, Washington, D.C., November 1960.

2 Data for 1952-53 are computed from tables 3 and 4 of "Costs of Attending College," by Ernest V. Hollis & Associates: Bulletin 1957. No. 9. Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Estimates for 1960-61 are based on the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index and the increase in mean institutional fees since 1953.

TABLE 2.—Comparison of the mean annual tuition and required fees of 196 representative colleges and universities, 1949–50 and 1959–60 1

1 Goldthorpe, J. Harold, "Outlook for the Costs of Attending College," Nov. 16, 1969, in a paper before the Agricultural Outlook Conference, Washington, D.C., November 1960.

2 Conrad, Herbert S., and Hollis, E. V., "Trends in Tuition Charges and Fees," in Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Sciences, vol. 301: 148-64, September 1955.

3 Preliminary report, Division of Higher Education, Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, May 1963.

1 Goldthorpe, J. Harold. Ibid., p. 4.
Mrs. GREEN. Our first witness this afternoon is Miss Germaine
Krettek, a representative of the American Library Association.
We will be very glad to hear your testimony, Miss Krettek.

STATEMENT OF GERMAINE KRETTEK, DIRECTOR, WASHINGTON OFFICE, AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Miss KRETTEK. Madam Chairman and members of the committee, ny name is Germaine Krettek. I am director of the Washington office of the American Library Association, a nonprofit, professional association of more than 25,000 members, consisting of librarians, trustees, and layman interested in the development, extension, and improvement of libraries as essential factors in the educational program of the Nation.

The American Library Association is in favor of legislation such as H.R. 5266, "to authorize assistance to public and other nonprofit institutions of higher education in financing the construction, rehabilitation, or improvement of needed academic and related facilities, and to

authorize scholarships for undergraduate study in such institutions." This position on Federal assistance to higher education is in accord with the legislative policy of the American Library Association adopted by the council, its governing body, on January 29, 1959. This statement declared that college and university libraries "are a vital part of higher education [and that] Federal scholarships and loans and [Federal] aid to college building programs *** benefit the whole country by raising the general level of support for college education."

The association is especially pleased that the proposed legislation, section 106 (a) (1), in the definition of "academic facilities," specifically mentions libraries.

Library construction is indeed in great need of assistance. Of over 2,000 institutions of higher education in the United States today, it appears according to best estimates that no more than 100, or 5 percent, have really adequate library facilities. Preliminary cost estimates made by the U.S. Office of Education in the college and university facilities survey indicate that during 1956-70 slightly more than $300 million is planned to be spent on the construction of college and university library buildings, including additions and alterations, and that this amount represents only a fraction of the actual need. Studies also indicate that far too many library facilities are so inadequate or unsuitable for service that they actually hamper, in many cases, the use of a good book collection and efforts of a well-trained staff.

College and university library building programs are facing serious difficulties, and the situation will grow worse in the next decade, unless counteracting measures are taken immediately.

There are a number of reasons for this plight:

(1) The sheer increase in the number of the students and in the size of the higher education staff is one cause. Conservative esti

mates place the increase in students from 3.4 million in 1959 to 6 million in 1970; and the increase in staff from 232,000 in 1959 to 322,000 in 1970. These increases place added burdens on the buildings and equipment of the libraries.

(2) The teaching program of today depends more and more on books, periodicals, scientific journals, and documents. From the first courses in history and economics to the most advanced seminars in nuclear physics, every course is dependent on libraries. This situation means that among other things greater facilities for the shelving and utilization of books are required.

(3) Increased seating capacity is needed not only because of the mere increase in students, but by virtue of the fact that students must have facilities for more independent and related reading within the library.

(4) Extensive research programs, many of which are financed by Government contracts and are involved in the national defense, rely heavily on libraries. In this connection, the National Science Foundation reported the expenditures for organized research in our universities increased from $450 million in 1953-54 to $1 billion in 1959-60. Certainly the need for additional library building facilities is an urgent one in every section of the Nation; indeed, it is most unusual for a college or university these days to have a library adequate for its needs, and this applies even to institutions which have erected new library buildings in the past few years.

A typical case of the strain on the capacity of a university library building was reported by Edmon Low, Director of the Library of Oklahoma State University, and current president of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association:

Our university completed a library building in 1953-just 8 years ago-at a cost of $4 million (it would cost over $5 million today). When planned, we anticipated peak library attendance of some 3,000 students a day and, on that basis and the expected growth of bookstock, estimated it would be adequate for at least 15 and probably 20 years. Now, instead of a peak attendance of 3,000 a day, we have over 7,000 a day. Seats are available for only part of these students; they sit on the floor, go to classrooms close by (if any can be found vacant) or to the lawn in the milder weather, or just give up and go away with their needs unmet.

Although the American Library Association approves of the intent of H.R. 5266 in general, it does feel compelled to point out that loans for college and university libraries will not meet the needs of all institutions. In some States, public colleges and universities will probably find it impossible, by reason of State laws, to utilize Federal loans in the case of nonrevenue producing buildings, such as a library. The fiscal policy of some private institutions likewise prevents their borrowing money for nonrevenue producing buildings. We hope, therefore, that the proposed legislation may go further and also provide for matching grants for accredited institutions.

In regard to title II, "Scholarships for College Students," the American Library Association is wholly in accord with the intent of the legislation. We do not feel it is within our province, however, to make suggestions regarding the methods of selecting students for scholarships or regarding the amount to be paid the institution which the scholarshipholder attends.

Any effort to assist needy and qualified students in obtaining 4 years of undergraduate work is desirable and essential. The Joint Committee on Library Work as a Career reports:

Our crisis is the acute shortage of library school graduates. Thousands of library positions are now vacant ***. Library school enrollment is down and shows no signs of increasing.

Since professional library training normally requires a bachelor's degree, any measure will be helpful which will add to the pool of college graduates who may go on to professional library schools.

Much depends on higher education today-the men and women it trains, the role they play in our society, the research they do, the discoveries they make-and higher education depends so much on its libraries.

In general the American Library Association supports H.R. 5266, but we do feel obligated to emphasize that many colleges and universities will be unable to take advantage of loans for the construction of libraries which are nonrevenue producing.

In conclusion, may I express our appreciation for this opportunity to present the views of the American Library Association. Mrs. GREEN. Thank you, Miss Krettek.

I am aware of the legal restrictions on the loans. Do you think this is an insurmountable obstacle or do you think the States must change that by legislative action?

Miss KRETTEK. I think in some instances they will be able to take

care of it. In other instances I think this will make it impossible for college libraries to make use of Federal funds.

Mrs. GREEN. Congressman Smith?

Mr. SMITH. No questions.

Mrs. GREEN. Congressman Pucinski?
Mr. PUCINSKI. No questions.

Mrs. GREEN. Congressman Brademas?
Mr. BRADEMAS. No questions.

Mrs. GREEN. Thank you very much.
Miss KRETTEK. Thank you.

Mrs. GREEN. The next witness is Jacob Clayman, administrative director of the Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO.

We will be glad to have you present your views and the views of your organization, Mr. Clayman.

STATEMENT OF JACOB CLAYMAN, ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTOR, INDUSTRIAL UNION DEPARTMENT, AFL-CIO; ACCOMPANIED BY RUSSELL ALLEN, EDUCATION DIRECTOR, INDUSTRIAL UNION DEPARTMENT, AFL-CIO

Mr. CLAYMAN. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. With me is Mr. Russell Allen, education director of the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO.

So that I will not trespass unduly on your time, I am going to stick reasonably close to the prepared testimony.

My name is Jacob Clayman. I am the administrative director of the Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO, which represents 60 industrial unions with an affiliated membership of more than 6 million. On behalf of this department, I want to thank this committee for the opportunity to present our views on the important legislation before you.

The working men and women of this country have always been interested in extending the frontiers of educational opportunity, both as a basis of our political democracy and as a guarantee of the economic opportunity which is so closely tied to the level of education.

If I may parenthetically insert here, one of the extraordinary drives that one perceives in the labor movement today and in the past has been this urge toward education. Out of my own experience, over and over again in communities large and small I have seen those who have not had too much opportunity for education striving in the community to provide it for their own children.

We are especially concerned with the bill now before this committee for college scholarships and construction loans, since it represents an extension of the educational franchise so important to industrial workers and their children. The great innovations of the American educational system have been the provision of free public education by the midpoint of the last century, and its extension by compulsory attendance laws into the high school during the latter part of the 19th century.

Since that time, the contribution of the Federal Government to higher education has been in the continued aid to the land-grant colleges and universities and in the special provisions of the National Defense Education Act of 1958. However, the GI bill of rights is