1. Hours of Labor

The brief list of references below is concerned with the number of hours labor should work as a measure for promoting full employment. Goldenweiser, E. A. Post-war problems and policies. Federal reserve bulletin (Washington), Feb. 1945, v. 31: 112–121.

HG2401.A5

Conclusion: Hours should be duced to pre-war levels, but further reduction should wait until productivity is such that essential needs can be met. Any reduction based on share-the-work philosophy would be short-sighted policy. See especially p. 114.

Huddle, Frank P. Hours of work after the war. Washington, Editorial research reports, July 1944. 18 p. H35.E35

Contents: Review of history of reductions of hours of labor, with some discussion of a 30-hour week after the war.

A 30-hour week after the war? New York times magazine (N. Y.), Mar. 26, 1945: 14, 30.

Contents: Excerpts from the views of Walter P. Reuther, Eric A. Johnston, and Henry J. Kaiser.

U. S. Office of war mobilization report, Sept. 7, 1944. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1944. 14 p. (78th Cong., 2d sess. Senate Doc. 237) HC106.4.A992 1944c Conclusion: A 40-hour week is recommended after VE-Day. Wallace, Henry A. Statement. In U. S. Congress. Senate. Committee on commerce. Administration of certain lending agencies of the Federal Government. Hearings, 79th Congress, 1st session. on S. 375, January 24 and 25, 1945. Washington, Govt print. off., 1945. 144 p. HG3729.U5A5 1945a Conclusion: Shorter hours and increased wages go hand in hand in solving the problem of prosperity the American way. See especially p. 79.

2. Wages and Earnings

The wages to be paid after the war-and their relation to full employment has been discussed in some detail. Items on a guaranteed annual wage are also included below.

Benner, Claude L. How jobs are created. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 22, 1945, v. 161:850. HG1.C2

Conclusion: New jobs are not created by raising wages.

Ericson, George. Guaranteed annual wages are not the panacea labor thinks. Christian science monitor (Boston), Mar. 24, 1945: 12. Contents: Review. the arguments for a guaranteed annual wage, and points out the error of the arguments.

Fairless, Benjamin F. A guaranteed annual wage for labor? New York times magazine (N. Y.), Apr. 15, 1945: 16, 46-47.

Contents: Arguments opposed to a guaranteed annual wage.

Godey, Thomas L. Weighing today's labor demands on our post war economy. Magazine of Wall street (N. Y.), Mar. 31, 1945, v. 75 668-670+. HG4501.M3

Conclusion: A guaranteed wage is highly desirable but it would quickly bankrupt producers of most kinds of durable goods or consumers goods industries with frequent style changes. It would hit small firms hardest. See especially p. 669–670.

Goldenweiser, E. A. Post-war problems and policies. Federal reserve bulletin (Washington), Feb. 1945, v. 31: 112-121. HG2401.A5

Conclusion: Wages should be adjusted to changes in living costs, with further increases as productivity increases. See especially p. 114. Graham, Frank D. Social goals and economic institutions. Princeton, Princeton university press, 1942. 273 p.

HB171.G67

Contents: Discusses relation of wages to employment. Conclusion: Suggests wage increases when improved technical efficiency has increased productivity, and proposes a progressively rising minimum wage with increases in productivity. See especially p. 177.

Great Britain. Minister of labour and national service, and the Minister of public works. Training for the building industry. London, H. M. Stationery off. 1943. (Command Paper 6428) TH165.G73 1943b

Conclusion: Proposes guaranteed payment in the building industry, the nature and scope of the guarantee to be determined by the negotiating machinery within the industry.

Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Employment policy. May 1944. London, H. M. Stationery off., 1944. 31 p. (Command Paper 6527). HG256.4G7A5 1944

Conclusion: Wages and prices must be kept reasonably stable if Government action to maintain expenditure is to be fruitful. See especially p. 18-19. Guaranteed employment plans in the United States and Great Britain; annual incomes for workers as factor in stabilizing employment. Canada. Labour Gazette, Dec. 1944, v. 44: 1466-1467. HD83181.A17

Contents: Brief report on private and public guaranteed annual income plans in Great Britain and America. Concept is included under such terms as "annual wage system." "Icome security for industrial workers", "1.500-hour work-year," etc. Operation of the scheme in plants of Procter & Gamble, and of George A. Hormel is described.

Halasi, Albert. The problem of full employment. International post-war problems (N. Y.), Dec. 1943, v. 1: 41-85.

Contents: Discusses the effect on employment of raising or lowering wages. Conclusion: Real wages should be increased when increased efficiency has lowered production costs. Neither wage reductions nor increases can help in a cyclical depression. See especially p. 78–81.

International labour office. International labour conference. Twenty-sixth session. The organization of employment in the transition from war to peace. Montreal, International labour office, 1944. 179 p. HD5706.1616

Contents: Briefly reviews efforts, especially in Britain, to regularize employment of dock workers and construction employees, and hence "guarantee" a fixed wage. See especially p. 113-115. Johnston, Eric A. We must have steadier jobs. ning post (Philadelphia), Mar. 31, 1945, v. 217: 11, 72.

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Conclusion: It is a mistake to force annual wages down the throats of management. If everyone must pay an annual wage, many will hesitate to go into business. The government would be inclined to step in and become the employer, as in Russia.

King, Willford I. How to keep up employment. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 15, 1945, v. 161: 716, 741. HG1.C2

Conclusion: Unless total spending power is kept large enough, and average wage rates are kept low enough to furnish as many hours of employment as people care to work, no amount of job-hunting, tax manipulation, government spending, etc., will accomplish the end desired.

League of nations. Publications. II Economic and financial, Prosperity and depression, by Gottfried Haberler, 3d ed. Geneva, 1941. 532 p. JX 1975.A25

Contents: Reviews the literature with respect to the "very much disputed question" of the effect of a reduction in wages. Many economists see such reduction as the infallible remely for unemployment, while others denounce it or find it detrimental. Sec especially p. 239-244, 395–405.

Murray, Philip. C. I. O. reemployment plan. Washington, C. I. O. Department of research and education, 1945. 29 p.

Conclusion: High wages mean full employment. There must be no reduction in take-home pay as overtime is eliminated. Annual wage guarantees must be included in labor contracts, and dismissal pay, paid vacations, etc. must be elements of collective bargaining contracts in the future. See especially p. 7-8.

A guaranteed annual wage for labor? New York times magazine (N. Y.), Apr. 8, 1945: 12, 33-35.

Contents: Arguments in favor of a guaranteed annual wage.

Guaranteeing employment and purchasing power. Commercial and financial chronicle. Jan. 25, 1945, v. 161: 362, 381. HG1.C2

Contents: Reviews arguments for a guaranteed annual wage. Conclusion: It is a proposal in which industry and labor can find an answer to many vexing problems.

Noyes, Charles E. Economic freedom. New York, Harper & bros., 1943. 234 p. IIC106.4.N6

Contents: Discusses the effect of wage increases on prices, standard of living, etc. Conclusion: The simplest, surest, and easiest way to provide for post-war prosperity is to increase wages in rapid crescendo beginning 3 months after the war.

Pierson, John H. G. Fiscal policy for full employment. Washington, National planning association, May 1945. 54 p. (Planning pamphlets, No. 45.) HC101.N352 No. 45

Conclusion: Low wages, against which collective bargaining must remain the chief bulwark, would create a fatal shortage of purchasing power. Fiscal measures to bolster consumer demand must fail unless wages are sustained. Rising, Frank. Post-war employment problems. The controller (N. Y.), Aug. 1944, v. 12: 336-337. HF5001.C77

Conclusion: The only answer that industry can give to the demand for a guaranteed wage is "Where do we get our guarantee?"

Roosevelt, Franklin D. Message... on the state of the union, 1945. U. S. Congress, Daily congressional record, Jan. 6, 1945: 93-97.

Conclusion: Americans do not regard jobs that pay substandard wages as productive jobs.

Schmidt, Emerson P. The economics of annual wage. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Apr. 12, 1945, v. 161: 1597, 1617. HG1.C2

Contents: Reviews the reasons why an annual wage cannot work for industry in general. Conclusion: The most compelling reason against the annual wage is the varying shifts and changes in demand for goods, arising from changes in consumer habits. The idea of an annual wage assumes employment and new investment as causes rather than symptoms of consumer spending. Freezing the economy would destroy the spirit of risk taking. Stead, William H. Democracy against unemployment; an analysis of the major problem of post-war planning. New York, Harper & bros., 1942. 280 p. HD5706.S8

Conclusion: Two moves that industry could make to increase labor's total income and purchasing power, without necessarily increasing relative labor costs, are an adequate guaranteed annual wage and the substitution of certain types of "incentive wage systems" for the usual systems of wages paid for time on the job.

Sufrin, Sidney C. Labor policy and the business cycle. Washington. American council on public affairs, 1943. 52 p. HD4909.S87

Contents: Discussion of alternative wage policies that could be followed to regularize production and employment during the business cycle. Wage subsidies are advocated because: (1) payment of wage subsidies will permit a reduction in direct (wage) costs, which will result in increases in employment and labor income. (2) A subsidy program in a depression will be more effective in increasing employment and production than an equal expenditure on either public works or on an out-and-out dolc. Justification for these wage subsidies is that the lowering of wage rates by a given percentage will result in a greater proportional increase in the volume of employment, measured in man-hours. Direct wage subsidies are more effective than public works in providing a larger increase in employment and output. U. S. National war labor board. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation and United Steelworkers of America. Supplemental opinion of labor members of the [steel] panel. Sept. 1944. 94 p. Mimeographed.

Contents: Discussion by the labor members of the steel panel of the discussion and findings of the public members on the matter of a guaranteed annual wage. Conclusion: Disagreement is expressed with both the discussion and findings. See especially p. 30-45.

In re: United States Steel Corporation and United Steelworkers of America. Report of the steel panel. Sept. 9, 1944. 285 p. Mimcographed.

Contents: A summary of the union's position, the company's position, and panel discussion. Conclusion: The steel companies could not guarantee an annual wage in the form and degree requested by the union. See especially p. 132-157.

In the matter of Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation and United Steelworkers of America. Report of the Industry members of the [steel] panel. Sept. 12, 1944. 69 p. Mimeographed.

Contents: A discussion of the findings of the public members of the steel panel on the issue of a guaranteed annual wage, in which agreement is expressed for the most part. See especially p. 32-35.

Wallace, Henry A. Statement. In U. S. Congress. Senate. Committee on commerce. Administration of certain lending agencies of the Federal Government. Hearings, 79th Congress, 1st session . . . on S. 375, January 24 and 25, 1945. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1945. 144 p. HG3729.U5A5 1945a.

Conclusion: When workers' hours are cut back to peacetime levels, a real attempt must be made to adjust wage rates upward. And wage rates should be constantly increased as the productivity of industry is increased. A guaranteed annual wage is a very important part of any real attempt to implement America's economic bill of rights.

Weiss, Abraham. Guaranteed-employment and annual-wage provisions in union agreements. U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Washington. Monthly labor review, Apr. 1945, v. 60: 707-727.

Contents: Discusses the extent and characteristics of the plans, number of firms and workers involved, etc.

3. Placement, Training, Etc.

The very incomplete listings below relate to the functions of employment agencies, vocational education, mobility of labor, etc. Beveridge, William H. Full employment in a free society. New York, W. W. Norton, 1945. 429 p. HD5767.B42 1945

Conclusion: Organized mobility of labor is needed for a full-employment program. Men must be in a position to move rapidly and directly to a job when there is a job. Use of employment exchanges should be compulsory for all persons under 18, so that the flow of adaptable youth into industries may be wisely directed.

Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Employment policy. May 1944, London, H. M. Stationery off., 1944. 21 p. (Command Paper 6527.) HC256.4.G7A5 1944

Conclusion: Individual workers must exercise to the full their own initiative to adapt themselves to changing conditions. They must be willing to move to places and occupations where they are needed. International labour office. labour office. International labour conference. Twenty-sixth session. The organization of employment in the transition from war to peace. Montreal. International labour office, 1944. 179 p. HD5706.1616

Contents: Discusses the place of the employment service in bringing employers and employees together, with consideration to the question of compulsory use of the service. Reviews the types of employment services in effect in certain countries, and makes recommendations with respect to the kind of system preferred. The needs and prems with respect to vocational guidance, training and retraing are taken, and recommendations made. The problem of mobility is also reviewed and recommendations with respect to it are put forth. See especially p. 47-76, 116-122.

Manpower mobilisation for peace. Montreal, 1943. 78 p.
HD5706.1615

Contents: Discusses the need for continuing the machinery for organizing employment after the war. See pecially p. 73-76.

Lester, Richard A. Providing for unemployed workers in the transition. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1945. 152 p. (Committee for economic development research study.) HD5724.L42

Conclusion: There should be in the transition a general and vocational program designed primarily for persons experiencing reconversion and frictional unemployment, and administered by the states and localities under