Sloan, Alfred P. The importance of jobs. Academy of political science, New York. Proceedings, Jan. 1945, v. 21: 197–210.

H31.A4

Conclusion: Our hodge-podge tax system has been too concerned with raising money for relief and too little with eliminating relief by encouraging business development. It should be recognized that just as lower prices mean expanding volume, lower taxes mean increased dollar revenue through expanding the tax base. See especially p. 257.

Stead, William H. Democracy against unemployment; an analysis of the major problem of post-war planning. New York, Harper & bros., 1942. 280 p. HD5706.S8

Conclusion: Three desirable changes in the tax program are: (1) a larger proportion of taxes must be collected by the Federal Government since state and local tax sources rest too heavily on property and consumption (2) a larger proportion of the tax load should be shifted away from consumption, pay roll, and miscellaneous internal revenue taxes to personal and corporate income taxes, profits taxes, estate and gift taxes; (3) more sharply progressive rates in income and profits taxes. In the long run the bulk of the funds must come from taxation, and here it is essential that the tax structure itself be streamiined to contribute to the gradual readjustment or redistribution of purchasing power which we believe to be essential to the achievement of full use of our expanding productive capacity. See especially p. 211–214, 221.

Twin Cities research bureau. Post-war taxes. St. Paul, the Bureau, June 1944. 27 p. HJ2377.T88

Contents: An outline of a tax plan that will stimulate and encourage high levels of production and consumption. Conclusion: The principal finding or thesis is that relatively heavy corporate income taxes are not as harmful to the private enterprise system as are heavy individual income-tax rates. Proposes corporate income-tax rates of 25% to 40%, personal income-tax rates ranging from 10% to 60%, exempting from personal income taxes 40% of dividends received, a 5% retail sales tax with no exemptions, etc., etc. The United States in a new world. III. The domestic economy. Fortune, (N.Y.) v. 26, Dec. 1942 (Supplement). 21 p. HF5001.F7

Conclusion: High initial taxation should be maintained after the war to check post-war inflation, but when inflationary pressures subside, taxes should have as their purpose the stimulation of the maximum activity, investment, and change of which industry is capable. It may be that corporation income taxes should be repealed. It must be remembered, too, that high personal income taxes may deter investment. Sce especially p. 16. Upgren, Arthur R. Expanding civilian production and employment after the war; objectives and guides to policy. American economic review, May 1945, v. 35: 67-84. HB1.E26

Conclusion: The corporate income tax reform is foremost among measures intended to enlarge private enterprise activity. An "antimonopoly-antiinflation tax" is also recommended.

Voorhis, Jerry. Beyond victory. New York, Farrar & Rinehart, 1944. 240 p. U21.V6

Conclusion: The levy of almost confiscatory taxes on idle money would provide a partial (though not basic) answer to the problem of unemployment. See especially p. 104-105.

37

Wallace, Henry A. Address. In Congress of industrial organizations. Political action committee. Full employment: proceedings of the Conference on Full Employment. New York, January 15, 1944, p. 67-74. HC106.4.C536

Conclusion: I am hopeful that our taxation system can be modified with such rapidity after the war that the financing for most employment will come from private capital. Incentive taxation by increasing employment and by increasing the national income can increase the Federal revenue. Rates which are too high on rapidly expanding young enterprises will reduce employment and decrease the revenues of Federal taxation. It is very important for both business and labor to learn where the point is at which either inflation or deflation can be prevented as one or the other tends to develop.

C. Business, Trade, and Industry

Under this heading have been collected items which point out the role of business in promoting full employment. The effect of government controls is the subject of several entries, while a few others consider whether or not government should guarantee industry a market for its product. The role of foreign trade and investment (including references to Bretton Woods agreements) is the subject of many items. The role of agriculture concludes the heading.

The subheads used are the following:

1. Role of Business, Etc.

2. Government Controls.

3. Government Purchase of Surplus Production.
4. Foreign Trade and Investment.

5. The Place of Agriculture.

1. Role of Business, Etc.

Collected here are items which relate what business can or should contribute in promoting full employment.

Armstrong, Dwight L. Industry's problems in advance planning. Special libraries (Newark), July-August, 1944, v. 35: 244-256.

2761.S71

Contents: Presents the mechanics of industry planning. Grattan, C. Hartley. Factories can't employ everybody! Harper's magazine (N. Y.), Sept. 1944, v. 189: 301-304. AP2.H3

Services

Conclusion: It is a "colossal error" to talk of post-war prosperity in terms of employment in factories. Factories can take but a fraction. must be expanded to help promote a higher standard of living. Hirsch, Julius. Facts and fantasies concerning full employment. American economic review (Evanston, Ill.), Mar. 1944, v. 34: 118HB1.E26

127.

Conclusion: Private enterprise should be geared to the highest efficiency with the purpose of creating as high a standard of living as possible with a labor time and wage policy appropriate to this aim. Hoffman, Paul G. Employment and private industry. Survey graphic (N. Y.), May 1943, v. 32: 176-177. HV1.S82

Contents: Describes the activities of the Committce for economic development and benefits to be gained by coordination of plans. Conclusion: The burden of providing the millions of jobs needed after the war must rest largely on private industry.

Livingston, S. Morris._ Markets after the war; an approach to their analysis. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1943. 46 p. (78th Congress, 1st sess., Senate Doc. 40). HF5415.U5 1943

Conclusions: Business as a whole must assume a large share of the responsibility of preparing for a high level of production and consumption after the war. Post-war planning requires the aggregate effort of thousands of businessmen each of whom has a detailed knowledge of the problems and possibilities of a particular enterprise. This planning will be most successful if business will set its sights on a common goal of post-war opportunity. National association of manufacturers. N. A. M. survey of employment and reconversion. New York, the Association, Feb. 1945. 10 p. Mimeographed.

Contents: An analysis of replies to a N. A. M. questionnaire by 1,756 manufacturers. Conclusion: After reconversion, manufacturers will employ between 14 and 15 million, an increase of about one-third, the largest increases being in small businesses.

ment.

National planning association. National budgets for full employWashington, National planning association, 1945. 96 p. (Planning pamphlets, Nos. 43 and 44). HC101. N352 Nos. 43-44

Conclusion: To increase the flow of private purchasing power corporations can moderate their withholdings for reserves and undivided profits. Increased expenditures for private investment are desirable as far as they are needed to maintain efficient productive capacity and to improve that capacity at a rate not faster than the increase in effective purchasing power. It is hardly practicable for private investment alone to supply the deficiency in total expenditures over a period of years.

Oxford university. Nuffield college. Employment policy and organization of industry after the war. London, Oxford university press, 1943. 70 p. HC256.4.0915

Conclusion: Nothing is of greater importance for the future of British industry than to raise the standards of management. Industrial management as a skilled profession must be more fully recognized. Prosperity-How to get it-How to keep it. New republic (N. Y.), Nov. 27, 1944 (Special section), v. 111: 707-726. AP2.N624

Conclusion: Industry must pass on to workers and consumers the benefits from gains in efficiency of production, which increases at the average rate of 2% annually. See especially p. 713.

Sloan, Alfred P. The importance of jobs. Academy of political science, New York. Proceedings, Jan. 1945, v. 21: 197-210. H31.A4

Conclusion: Business policy must recognize a responsibility far beyond that within itself; it must consider the relationship of business to the economy as a whole.

Stead, William H. Democracy against unemployment; an analysis of the major problem of post-war planning. New York, Harper & bros., 1942. 280 p. HD5706.S8

Conclusion: Through planning, industry can correct a great deal of seasonal unemployment. Production scheduling, sharing of work, and new selling approaches are techniques suggested. Industry should take constructive action in the problem of income distribution; such action may lessen the need for government controls. See especially p. 83-93.

2. Government Controls

References here are to government regulation of business, tightening or relaxation of controls, etc.

Benner, Claude L. How jobs are created. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 22, 1945, v. 161: 850-851.

HG1.C2

Conclusion: To enact legislation that prevents private enterprise from functioning, and then use the fact that it is not functioning to justify indefinite government expansion in industry, is hardly playing fair. Proposes repeal or modification of certain legislation.

Corey, Lewis. The unfinished task. New York, Viking_press,

1942. 314 p.

HDS2.C585

Contents: Shows the position of monopoly as the barrier to expansion of production and consumption. Conclusion: Monopoly corporations should be converted into public enterprises. See especially p. 247-256, 262-280. Howenstine, E. Jay. The economics of demobilization. Washington, Public affairs press, 1944. 336 p.

HC106.4.H67

Contents: Major part of volume is devoted to analysis of demobilization policies and procedures after World War I, with special reference to problems applicable in present planning. Conclusion: If government immediately withdraws from all economic activity, we will again be thrown into a period of planless demobilization with its inevitable consequences of inflation and unemployment.

Lerner, Abba P. Economic liberalism in the post-war world. In Post-war economic problems, ed. by Seymour E. Harris. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1943, chap. VII, p. 127-139. HD82.H29.

Contents: To prevent monopoly price fixing (in buying or selling), counter speculation by the government is proposed. Government agencies would guarantee "equilibrium" prices.

Molson, Hugh. Full employment and the budget. London, Signpost press, 1944. 20 p. HC256.4.M58

Conclusion: A National Investment Board should be established whose consent would be necessary before a public subscription of capital may be invited for a new issue.

Nathan, Robert R. Mobilizing for abundance. New York, Whittlesey house, 1944. 228 p. HC106.4.N33

Conclusion: Competition should be stimulated by eliminating monopolistic control of resources, processes, and distributive channels, modifying patent law, etc.

Oxford university. Nuffield college. organization of industry after the war. press, 1943. 70 p.

Employment policy and London, Oxford university HC256.4.0915

Conclusion: Industries and services of key importance in the maintenance of general investment activity or because of their basic character should be carried on under public ownership by Public Corporations. Other jor industries, which might tend to come under monopolistic control, should operate under a general economic policy formulated by Public Industrial Boards, one for each industry.

Prosperity-How to get it-How to keep it. New republic (N. Y.), Nov. 27, 1944 (Special section), v. 111: 707-726. AP2.N624

Contents: Reviews (citing examples) of monopoly and cartel practices which dominate our economy and which run counter to the kind of economy we want after the war. Control through patents is also discussed. Conclusion: We need a sound economic plan to lower the barriers to post-war opportunity, and new legal safeguards. As long as industry is privately owned, we must rely on government competition in strategic areas, growth of consumer cooperation, price regulation, etc. See especially p. 715-721, 724.

Shields, Murray, and Donald B. Woodward. Prosperity: We can have it if we want it. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1945. 190 p. HC106.4.S53

Conclusion: Success in stimulating the needed flow of private savings into private investment is hampered by government regulations. See especially pp. 154-159. However, some regulation of business, monopoly, etc., is needed, and the regulations should be enforced day in and day out-not in spasms. Should price fixing and rationing be extended into post-war period? Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 17, 1944, v. 159: 689-709. HG1.C2

Contents: Brief statements of the views of 15 individuals on the subject of post-war continuance of price and rationing control.

Wright, Ivan. The job-creating power of private enterprise. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Mar. 29, 1945, v. 161: 1370, 1377. HG1.C2

Conclusion: If the present regulations and restrictions are held to after the war, there is no hope of full employment.

3. Government Purchase of Surplus Production

References here are to writings on the subject of stimulating employment by assuring a market for production.

Anderson, John T. The relation of market research to post-war planning. Journal of marketing (N. Y.), Oct. 1942, v. 7: 115–124. HF5415.A2.J6

Contents: Proposes creation of a production insurance company to purchase surplus production at cost or make surpluses available to consumers on some basis similar to that used in the food-stamp plan. Ezekiel, Mordecai. Jobs for all through industrial_expansion. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1939. 297 p. HC106.3.E9 1939a

Contents: Proposes planned expansion of industries under which the government will purchase the excess production. Graham, Frank P. Social goals and economic institutions. Princeton, N. J. 1942. 273 p. HB171.G67

Contents: Proposes a commodity reserve system under which the government would buy, sell, store, and release essential commodities. Goods would be stored when individuals hoarded money, and would be released when individuals released money. (See also the author's article in Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), July 13, 1944, v. 160: 171, 198. HG1.C2) King, Willford I. How to keep up employment. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 15, 1945, v. 161: 716, 741. HG1.C2

Conclusion: The proposal of Mordecai Ezekiel (planned expansion of industries under which government would purchase excess production) could not work unless wage rates were government controlled. A Fascist regime would be necessary.

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