Ballantine, Arthur A. Mr. Wallace and planned economy. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Mar. 29, 1945, v. 161: 1371, 1383. HG1.C2

Contents: Review of Mr. Wallace's views with respect to a planned economy. Conclusion: Since most jobs must be provided in industry, not public works, then if government is to guarantee jobs it must do so in industry and that means government will want the say there. Benner, Claude L. How jobs are created. financial chronicle (N. Y.), Feb. 22, 1945, v. 161:850.

Commercial and
HG1.C2

Conclusion: Government spending for jobs will be only temporary relief unless an expansion of private industry takes place at same time. Beveridge, William H. Full employment in a free society. New York, W. W. Norton, 1945. 429 p. HD5767.B42 1945

Contents: Meaning of "outlay," State responsibility for outlay, and methods of achieving adequate total outlay. Conclusion: It must be a function of the State in future to ensure adequate total outlay (expenditure) and by consequence to protect its citizens against mass unemployment. See especially p. 29, 131-142.

Council of Staté governments. Interstate committee on post-war reconstruction and development. Wartime and post-war problems and policies of the states. Chicago, The Council, May 1944. 92 p. HC106.4.C663.

Contents: A report and recommendations with respect to what the states are and should be doing. Eccles, Marriner S. "Where's the money coming from?" Survey graphic (N. Y.), May 1943, v. 32: 189–191. HV1.SS2

Conclusion: Government cannot and should not do more than care for those for whom private industry and activity fail to provide. Goldenweiser, E. A. Post-war problems and policies. Federal reserve bulletin (Washington), Feb. 1945, v. 31: 112–121.

HG2401.A5

Conclusion: The government ought to guarantee a job to every person who can work. See especially p. 115. Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Employment policy. May 1944. London, H. M. Stationery off., 1944. 31 p. (Command Paper 6527). HC256.4.G7A5 1944

Conclusion: In maintaining total expenditure, the guiding principles of Great Britain's government will be: (a) to export much more than ever before the war; (b) to limit the dangerous swings in expenditure on private investment as much as possible; (c) to offset unavoidable fluctuations in private investment by careful timing and volume of public investment; (d) to check and reverse the decline in expenditure on consumers' goods which normally follows as a secondary reaction to a falling off in private investment. Rationing and some price control must be continued during the transition. General vel of costs must be kept stable. Saving must still be encouraged. Use of capital must be controlled to the extent needed to regulate the flow and direction of investment.

Halasi, Albert. The problem of full employment. International post-war problems (N. Y.), Dec. 1943, v. 1: 41-85.

Conclusion: Full employment needs energetic government leadership. The government must provide a sound currency and well-developed system of transportation, education, and hygiene, assure an adequate measure of competition, maintain cooperative economic relationships with foreign countries, stimulate economic activities when they need stimulation, and compensate insufficient investment and consumption when necessary.

Hansen, Alvin H. America's role in the world economy. York, W. W. Norton, 1945. 197 p.

New

HC58.H3

Conclusion: Central and basic in a program to insure post-war full employment is a compensatory and developmental program. Regional resource development, urban redevelopment, housing, education, public health, social security are all parts of this broad developmental program. An international commitment by all countries to maintain high levels of domestic employment would contribute greatly to the success and workability of all other international economic arrangements. These economic arrangements, in turn, are necessary and basic foundations upon which to build world political security.

Hayek, Friedrich A. The road to serfdom. Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1944. 250 p. HD82.H38 1944 a

Contents: A review of why a directed economy is undesirable, and especially its effect on freedom. Conclusion: Great harm can result from measures designed to attain full employment at any price.

International latex corporation. 60 million jobs ain't hay (advertisemont). Washington star, Jan. 8, 1945: A-7.

Conclusion: When the public fails to spend enough to provide 60 million jobs, government must be prepared to give the incentives needed to attain that end, or itself provide useful job-creating public programs.

Johnston, Eric. America unlimited. Garden city, Doubleday, Doran, 1944. 254 p. HC106.4.J64

Contents: Reviews the role of government, especially in its relation to business. Conclusion: If government domination of business continues, we can expect business to move in on government. But many of the social controls must be maintained.

Jordan, Virgil. Virgil Jordan defends America's business record. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), May 25, 1944, v. 159: 2139, 2148-2149. HG1.C2

Conclusion: Government cannot guarantee full employment without depriving everyone of the freedom he has-without planning his occupation, his spending, his saving and consumption. See especially p. 2149. Lutz, Harley L. Government and unemployment. The tax review (N. Y.), Oct. 1944, v. 5:43-46.

Conclusion: Government instead of providing jobs during periods of unemployment should correct the conditions which prevented industry from giving jobs.

Nathan, Robert R. Mobilizing for abundance. New York, Whittlesey house, 1944. 228 p. HC106.4.N32

Conclusion: Government must provide the proper economic environment for free enterprise, eliminate monopolistic controls, provide taxation incentives to new investment, broader social-security coverage, stimulate foreign trade, and fill gaps in private employment by public works.

National planning association. National budgets for full employment. Washington, National planning association, 1945. 96 p. (Planning pamphlets, Nos. 43 and 44). HC101.N352 Nos. 43-44

Conclusion: Increased Government expenditures as a means of achieving a level of expenditure necessary for full employment would mean higher taxes or continuing deficits or both and a larger proportion of the economy not directed by individual or private enterprise. The higher the taxes, the lower will be the income remaining for expenditure by business or consumers. However, many projects can and should be undertaken by the Government if we can finance them. These include improvement of education, health and security for all people.

Oxford university. Nuffield college. Employment policy and organization of industry after the war. London, Oxford university press, 1943. 70 p. HC256.4.0915

Conclusion: The government will need to assume a much wider responsibility than in the past both for maintaining the general level of economic activity and for guiding the course of economic development. The aim of State policy should be to promote a high degree of mobility both of labor and of capital resources, and a low level of real costs based on the elimination of all influences which restrict production, and to disallow any practices which, by setting the cost of any factor, material, or component at an unreasonable level, would hamper the competitive efficiency of British industry or unduly limit consumption.

Pierson, John H. G. Full employment. New Haven, Yale university press, 1941. 297 p. HD5724.P5

Conclusion: The government must underwrite or guarantee in advance the annual amount of consumer spending, i. e., there must be a national income insurance. Government must be able to borrow or tax idle money or to issue new money.

Fiscal policy for full employment. Washington, National planning association, May 1945. 54 p. (Planning pamphlet, No. 45.) HC101.N352 No. 45

Conclusion: Congress and the President should declare it to be national policy to maintain full employment, and take all necessary steps to make the meaning of this commitment practical and definite. Government should underwrite the volume of consumer expenditure necessary to provide a reasonable market basis for full employment through expanded private production. Roosevelt, Franklin D. Message on the state of the union, 1944. U. S. Congress. Congressional record, Jan. 11, 1944, v. 90, pt. 1:55-57.

Conclusion: Among the self-evident economic truths is the right to a useful and remunerative job.

Message

on the state of the union, 1945. U. S. Congress. Daily congressional record, Jan. 6, 1945: 93-97.

Conclusion: Repeats the statement of the right to a job, and declares the necessity of maintaining full employment.

Schmidt, Emerson P. Can government guarantee fall employment? Washington, Chamber of commerce of the United States of America, 1945. (Post-war readjustments bulletin no. 13). 26 p.

Contents: Three full employment plans, William Beveridge's, that of the English Ministry of Reconstruction, and S. 380, 79th Congress, 1945, the full employment bill, are described and their political implications analyzed. Conclusion: The prevention of mass unemployment is a much more reasonable goal than "full employment." The full employment bill cannot and will not guarantee full employment.

Sloan, Alfred P. The importance of jobs. Academy of political science, New York. Proceedings, Jan. 1945, v. 21: 197-210.

H31.A4

Conclusion: Government policy must be such as to create incentives for business and strengthen and broaden the field of opportunity in which business must operate.

Stead, William H. Democracy against unemployment; an analysis. of the major problem of post-war planning. New York, Harper & bros., 1942. 280 p. HD5706.S8

Conclusion: Government action to reduce recurrent unemployment should include, beyond planning, government relief programs, planned programs of public works, social insurance, and a nation-wide employment exchange system. See especially p. 101–159.

19

Taft, Robert A. Guaranty of full-time employment at standard wages. (Reprint of address before National industrial conference board. In U. S. Congress. Daily congressional record, Jan. 22, 1945: A229-232; also in Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Jan. 25, 1945, v. 161: 363, 416-417. HG1.C2.)

Contents: Reviews the reasons why government cannot guarantee fulltime employment at standard wages. Conclusion: Full employment at standard wages is our goal, but it is not a right to be guaranteed by law. Speech in Senate. U. S. Congress. Daily congressional record, Feb. 19, 1945:1266.

Conclusion: Relates the proposed government guarantee of jobs to the guarantee in the Soviet constitution, and the power that would be conferred in telling everyone where he should work.

U. S. Congress. Senate. Special committee on post-war economic policy and planning. The problem of post-war employment and the role of Congress in solving it. Washington, Govt. print. cff., 1944. (78th Cong., 2d sess. Senate Report 539, pt. 4.)

11 p.

Contents: Briefly reviews the various steps that the government should take with respect to providing full employment. Conclusion: The first consideration in shaping government policies should be to inspire confidence on the part of management, the investor, the employce, and the consumer. U. S. National resources planning board. After the war-full employment, by Alvin H. Hansen. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1943. 22 p. HC106.4A25 1943d.

Conclusion: It is the responsibility of government to insure a sustained demand by the people for goods and services, retain economic controls until industry can match supply with demand, vitalize and invigorate private enterprise, check tendencies toward excessive boom, and be prepared to go forward with public-improvement expenditures to offset strong tendencies toward deflation and depression.

The United States in a new world. III: The domestic economy. Fortune (N. Y.), v. 26, Dec. 1942 (Supplement) 21 p. HF5001.F7

Contents: Reviews the Keynesian theory that attention should be concentrated on production of goods and services rather than public debt, gold, banking, etc., and his conclusion that government is more than justified in stepping in to offset savings and maintain consumption. Conclusion: Government should underwrite permanent prosperity and maintain reasonably full employment. It should do this first by giving industry its chance to perform, second by increasing individual security through social security, health services, etc., and finally through flexible program of public works. Government must be a better policeman of the free market, prevent the uneconomic decline of competition, and restore competition where it has needlessly declined.

Voorhis, Jerry. Beyond victory. New York, Farrar & Rinehart, 1944. 240 p. U21.V6

Conclusion: The government must guarantee that the market demand for goods will not fall below a point where it can absorb all the goods which industry and agriculture can produce if all able and willing workers are employed. See especially p. 106.

Wagner, Robert F. Address delivered before the ninth Federal savings and loan association, New York, N. Y., May 17, 1945. 5 p. mimeo.

Contents: Discussion of role of government in providing for full employment. Conclusion: Government should provide facts about nation-wide employment and business conditions, encourage industry and labor voluntarily to adopt wise wage and price policies, adopt tax policies which would

encourage investment, prefer private lending to public lending, stimulate private employment, extend public welfare services, and encourage private enterprise to provide jobs for returning veterans.

Wallace, Henry A. Address. In Congress of Industrial Organizations. Political Action Committee. Full employment; proceedings of the Conference on full employment, New York, January 15, 1944, p. 67-74. HC106.4.C536

Conclusion: Inasmuch as the government had to take full responsibility for getting cooperation from all groups to convert our economy from peace to war, it will have to take equal responsibility in converting from war to peace. In certain branches of the economy all that is necessary is to enforce the antitrust laws, in others it is necessary to make sure that adequate financing is available, but in still other fields of activity it will be necessary to engage in specific physical planning. When the contracts are terminated there will be hundreds of thousands of people out of work unless there is detailed advance planning.

Statement. In U. S. Congress. Senate. Committee on commerce. Administration of certain lending agencies of the Federal Government. Hearings, 79th Congress, 1st session, on S. 375, January 24 and 25, 1945. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1945. 144 p. HG3729.U5A5 1945 a

Conclusion: The government should take steps to see to it that new jobs are made available whenever the number of gainfully employed drops below 57 million. The government should insure lenders against loss on investments made in promoting jobs where special and abnormal risks are involved. See especially p. 76, 78.

Wright, Ivan. The job-creating power of private enterprise. Commercial and financial chronicle (N. Y.), Mar. 29, 1945, v. 161: 1370, 1377. HG1.C2

Conclusion: The role of the government should be to restore those conditions of free enterprise under which jobs can be created. If government undertakes to provide the jobs, we can look for unemployment, regimentation, higher taxes, and less opportunity and incentive for employers and employees.

2. The Full Employment Bill

All references to the full employment bill are collected here.

Douglas, Helen Galagan. Address. (Reprint of address at world. unity rally. In U. S. Congress. Daily congressional record, Mar. 14, 1945: A1281.)

Contents: Points out the value of the bill not only after the war but during the war in reducing the incentive to move out of war jobs.

Editorial comment on the full employment bill. U. S. Congress. Daily congressional record, Apr. 10, 1945: 3309-3312.

Contents: 11 editorials on the full employment bill.

Edson, Peter. States sponsor job bills. Washington daily news, Mar. 27, 1945. (Reprinted in U. S. Congress, Daily congressional record, Mar. 28, 1945: A1687.)

Contents: Discusses proposal in California legislature modeled on the full-employment bill, and prints bill in full text.

Federal-aid plan for post-war jobs: Press reaction. news (Washington), Jan. 5, 1945, v. 18: 45.

United States.

JK1.U65

Contents: Brief excerpts from seven editorials on the full-employment

bill.