Hearings on S. 1967 were held by the Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare on August 8, 9, 13, 15, and 16, 1963. The record of the hearings was printed in a volume of 555 pages.

On September 9, 1963, the bill was reported from the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (Rept. 483). S. 1967 passed the Senate on September 25, 1963.55 The bill was referred to the (House) Committee on Education and Labor on September 26, 1963.

2. House Action

H.R. 9876, a bill to amend the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 by extending its provisions for 2 additional years and providing for a special project and study, was introduced by Representative Carlton R. Sickles, of Maryland, on February 3, 1964, and referred to the Committee on Education and Labor. The bill was reported from that committee on February 13, 1964 (Rept. 1139). It passed the House, amended, on June 16,

1964.57

56

3. Approval

H.R. 9876 passed the Senate on June 29, 1964.58 It was approved by the President on July 9, 1964, and became Public Law 88-368.

4. Digest of Public Law 88-368; Provisions of the 1961 Act

Public Law 88-368 amends the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 by extending its provisions for 2 additional years and providing for a special study of school attendance and child labor laws, and by providing for a national juvenile delinquency demonstration project.

The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 contains three basic provisions:

(1) It authorizes the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to make grants to State, local, or other public or nonprofit agencies for projects demonstrating improved methods for prevention and control of juvenile delinquency.

(2) It authorizes the Secretary to make grants to such agencies for the development of courses of study and for training personnel for employment in programs for the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency.

(3) The Secretary is authorized to make studies, render technical assistance, and disseminate information relative to the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency.

Ibid., Sept. 25, 1963, pp. 17071-17072.

Ibid., Feb. 13, 1964, p. 2769.

Ibid., June 16, 1964, p. 13505.

Ibid., June 29, 1964, pp. 14825-14827.

5. Text of the Law

Following is the text of Public Law 88-368:

PUBLIC LAW 88-368, 88TH CONGRESS, H.R. 9876, JULY 9, 1964

AN ACT To amend the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 by extending its provisions for two additional years and providing for a special project and study.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 3 (a) of the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 is amended by inserting before the period at the end thereof the following: ", and including techniques for the establishment of high ethical and community responsibility standards". SEC. 2. Section 6 of the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 is amended to read as follows:

“AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

"SEC. 6. For the purpose of carrying out the programs provided for in the preceding sections of this Act during the period ending June 30, 1966, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and each of the three succeeding fiscal years, the sum of $10,000,000; and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, only such sums may be appropriated as the Congress may hereafter authorize by law."

SEC. 3. The Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961 is further amended by adding at the end thereof the following new sections:

"SPECIAL STUDY OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR LAWS

"SEC. 8. The Secretary shall make a special study of the compulsory school attendance laws and of the laws and regulations affecting the employment of minors with a view to determining the effects of such laws and regulations on juvenile delinquency and youth offenses. The Secretary shall transmit an interim report on the results of such study to the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare of the Senate on or before June 30, 1965, and shall make a final report on the results of such study, together with recommendations for executive or legislative action, to the President and to the Congress as soon as practicable but in any event by January 31, 1966.

"NATIONAL JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT

"SEC. 9. (a) The Secretary shall formulate and carry out a special project in the Washington metropolitan area for the purpose of demonstrating to the Nation the effectiveness of a large-scale, well-rounded program for the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency and youth offenses. In carrying out such project, the Secretary may utilize the services and facilities of public and private organizations and agencies engaged in combating juvenile delinquency and youth offenses. Such project shall include among other things the provision of guidance and counseling services to supplement (without any reduction in personnel) those provided by the public school system, and the establishment and operation of halfway houses. The project shall also be designed to demonstrate methods of increasing job opportunities available to young people who are, or are in danger of becoming, juvenile delinquents or youth offenders.

"(b) In addition to the sums authorized to be appropriated by section 6, the sum of $5,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, to remain available until expended."

L. EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY ACT OF 1964

(Public Law 88-452, approved Aug. 20, 1964)

A message from President Lyndon B. Johnson relative to poverty, and an accompanying draft of a bill "to mobilize the human and finan

cial resources of the Nation to combat poverty in the United States" were delivered to Congress on March 16, 1964. The bill, entitled the "Economic Opportunity Act of 1964," was introduced in the Senate on that date, as S. 2642, by Senator Pat McNamara, of Michigan, for himself and 35 other Senators, and referred to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was introduced in the House, on March 16, 1964, as H.R. 10440 by Representative Phil M. Landrum, of Georgia, and, as H.R. 10443, by Representative Adam C. Powell, of New York; on March 17, 1964, as H.R. 10459, by Representative John H. Dent, of Pennsylvania, as 10462, by Representative Jacob H. Gilbert, of New York, and, as 10469, by Representative Carl D. Perkins, of Kentucky; on March 19, 1964, as H.R. 10515, by Representative Neil Staebler, of Michigan; on March 24, 1964, as 10572, by Representative Dominick V. Daniels, of New Jersey, and, as 10577, by Representative James G. Healey, of New York; on March 25, 1964, as 10620, by Representative Donald M. Fraser, of Minnesota; on March 26, 1964, as 10657, by Representative Fernand J. St. Germain, of Rhode Island; on April 7, 1964, as H.R. 10710, by Representative Joseph G. Minish, of New Jersey; and on April 14, 1964, as 10822, by Representative Charles A. Buckley, of New York. These bills were all referred to the Committee on Education and Labor.

1. House Action

Hearings on H.R. 10440 were held before the Subcommittee on the War on Poverty Program, of the House Committee on Education and Labor on 15 days in March and April, 1964. The record of the hearings was printed in two parts totaling 1,133 pages.

On May 26, 1964, Representative Phil M. Landrum introduced H.R. 11377, a "clean bill" to mobilize the human and financial resources of the Nation to combat poverty in the United States, bearing the title "Economic Opportunity Act of 1964."

On June 3, 1964, the Committee on Education and Labor reported H.R. 11377 (Rept. 1458).

S. 2642, having passed the Senate, was passed by the House, amended, on August 8, 1964.59a

2. Senate Action

The Select Subcommittee on Poverty, of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare held hearings on S. 2642 on June 17, 18, 23, and 25, 1964. The record of the hearings was printed in a volume of 357 pages. S. 2642 was reported in the Senate on July 8, 1964 (Rept. 1218), and passed the Senate on July 23, 1964.59 The Senate agreed to the House amendments on August 11, 1964.

3. Approval

The act was approved by President Johnson on August 20, 1964, and became Public Law 88-452.

4. Summary of Educational and Training Features of the Act Following is a digest of the educational and training features of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.

Provides for mobilizing the human and financial resources of the Nation to combat poverty in the United States by opening to everyone opportunity for education and training and opportunity to work.

Title I-Youth programs.-Establishes a Job Corps within the Office of Economic Opportunity (established by title VI) for young men and women aged 16 through 21. Authorizes the Director of the Office to, among other activities, provide education and vocational training to enrollees in the Corps; and provide for programs of useful work experience and other appropriate activities for enrollees.

Provides for assistance and cooperation by the Director with State and local agencies and private nonprofit organizations in developing State and community work-training programs for young men and women aged 16 through 21. Requires that to the maximum extent feasible these programs shall be coordinated with programs of training and education sponsored by public educational agencies. Authorizes the Director to enter into agreements to pay part or all of the cost of a State or local program which meets certain requirements. Includes as one of these requirements determination by the Director that the program will increase the employability of the enrollees by providing work experience and training in occupational skills or pursuits in which there is reasonable expectation of employment, or which will enable student enrollees to resume or maintain school attendance.

Provides for grants for work-study programs to promote the parttime employment of students in institutions of higher education who are from low-income families and are in need of earnings to pursue their education. Authorizes the Director to enter into agreements with institutions of higher education for payment by him of part of the compensation of students employed under such work-study programs. Set forth the conditions for such agreements, including the requirement that the institution shall expend (from sources other than payments by the Director) for the employment of its students an amount no less than its average annual expenditure for such employment during the 3 fiscal years preceding the agreement.

Title II-Urban and rural community action programs.-Authorizes the Director to make grants and enter into contracts for financial and technical assistance, research, training, and demonstrations to stimulate urban and rural communities to combat poverty through community action programs. Requires that such programs receiving financial assistance shall provide improved services and other activities. and facilities in fields within the purposes of this title, including remedial and other noncurricular education, employment, job training and counseling, health, and vocational rehabilitation.

Provides for grants to States which have State plans approved by the Director for adult basic education programs.

Title V-Work experience programs. Provides for job training for unemployed adults receiving public assistance.

Title VI-Administration and coordination.-Establishes in the Executive Office of the President the Office of Economic Opportunity headed by a Director. Authorizes the Director to recruit, select, train,

and assign “volunteers in service to America" to assist in carrying out certain purposes of the act. Denies authorization by this act of any Federal control over the curriculum, program of instruction, administration, or personnel of any educational institution or school system.

5. Text of Educational and Training Features of the Act

Following is the text of features of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 pertaining to education and training:

PUBLIC LAW 88-452, 88TH CONGRESS, S. 2642, August 20, 1964

AN ACT To mobilize the human and financial resources of the Nation to combat poverty in the United States.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Economic Opportunity Act of 1964".

FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF PURPOSE

SEC. 2. Although the economic well-being and prosperity of the United States have progressed to a level surpassing any achieved in world history, and although these benefits are widely shared throughout the Nation, poverty continues to be the lot of a substantial number of our people. The United States can achieve its full economic and social potential as a nation only if every individual has the opportunity to contribute to the full extent of his capabilities and to participate in the workings of our society. It is, therefore, the policy of the United States to eliminate the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty in this Nation by opening to everyone the opportunity for education and training, the opportunity to work, and the opportunity to live in decency and dignity. It is the purpose of this Act to strengthen, supplement, and coordinate efforts in furtherance of that policy. TITLE I-YOUTH PROGRAMS

PART A-JOB CORPS

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

SEC. 101. The purpose of this part is to prepare for the responsibilities of citizenship and to increase the employability of young men and young women aged sixteen through twenty-one by providing them in rural and urban residential centers with education, vocational training, useful work experience, including work directed toward the conservation of natural resources, and other appropriate activities.

ESTABLISHMENT OF JOB CORPS

SEC. 102. In order to carry out the purposes of this part, there is hereby established within the Office of Economic Opportunity (hereinafter referred to as the "Office"), established by title VI, a Job Corps (hereinafter referred to as the "Corps").

JOB CORPS PROGRAM

SEC. 103. The Director of the Office (hereinafter referred to as the "Director") is authorized to

(a) enter into agreements with any Federal, State, or local agency or private organization for the establishment and operation, in rural and urban areas, of conservation camps and training centers and for the provisions of such facilities and services as in his judgment are needed to carry out the purposes of this part, including but not limited to agreements with agencies charged with the responsibility of conserving, developing, and managing the public natural resources of the Nation and of developing, managing, and protecting public recreational areas, whereby the enrollees of the Corps may be utilized by such agencies in carrying out, under the immediate supervision of such agencies, programs planned and designed by such agencies to fulfill such responsibility, and including agreements for a botanical survey