I have been a designated justice of the peace, Massachusetts, 39 years. Social security has 3 prongs. We have unemployment compensation OASI, but the most important is missing, national health. Precedents exist unless United States of America is like (Raleigh Fain would I climb but fear I to fall). Concord 184 years ago did not need a precedent or President Roosevelt in the 1930's with NRA, Blue Eagle, AAA, CCC, NIRA, FERA, and others.

The 47 most favored nations have health coverage. I give also a partial list of dates: Algeria, Albania, Argentina, 1944; Australia, Austria, 1893; Belgium, Bolivia, Czechoslovakia, 1948; Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, 1936-45; Germany, 1884, 1911, 1933; Great Britain, 1911, 1948; Greece, Hungary, 1891, 1927; Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, 1920-47; Portugal, 1919-33; Spain, 1933-43; Sweden, cradle to grave, 1955; Switzerland, Turkey, Soviet Socialist Republic, 1911-27; Venezuela, Yugoslavia, 1922-47. Breathes there a man who will say these 47 nations are wrong and national health has deteriorated. Yet the United States of America denies its people health coverage when every sane person knows that in this fierce competitive age, industrial health is the most powerful factor in industry for the successful flow of goods. Any nation without national health law may win short races but not marathons. When Asia, Europe, Africa, Russia start full rolling, the United States of America will face cutthroat competition. It has already begun. Switzerland won over G.E. for three generators that would have given 150 men a full year's work. Massachusetts indignation later caused cancellation. Therefore, at all costs, the United States of America must have a compulsory health law to survive. Seventy-five thousand released from Army as unfit March 1959.

I was born in an era of folk medicine, 1877, in England. All around were small towns and villages. In each of these was usually a woman who knew medicinal value of herbs and roots which when brewed were found almost perfect remedies for most ills. Doctors in those days carried a small cabinet of supplies for immediate use. A Jonathan Rashleigh recently died, up to his end did just that, his cabinet contained tincture of rhubarb, genuine turkey powder, tincture of henbane, extract of taxaxacum, power of jalop, bottle of laudanum, ipecacuanha wine, scammony, sal volatile, brandy, blue pills, true jam powder, mercury with chalk. Doctors then were on a 24-hour day, 7 days a week, long before the phrase was invented beyond the call of duty; rarely submitted bill; patients paid of of meager funds. Folk medicine still persists even in the United States of America. In Vermont, United States, for most all ills is 2 teaspoons each of honey and vinegar and honecomb. Gypsies, Indians, tribes still also practice. Globe, November 7, 1958, Henry Smith, age 101 states what kept him alive was a teaspoon of baking soda after each meal.

Globe, February 2, 1958, states Makhmud Evazov of Soviet Union, age 150, still farms and rides horseback.

Globe, December 1958, states there are 40,000 people over 100 years old registered at University of Kharkov.

Russia with a population of 200 million has 344,000 doctors, 70 percent are women. There are 16 doctors for every 100,000; said to be the highest ratio in the world. Could it be that lady doctors can prolong life better than males, or these men like penguins whose digestive track is free from bacteria. Russia's mortality is 7 to 9, United States is 9 to 3 per 1,000. In my four generations I have seen the passing of blood letting, leeches to stop bleeding. Surgeons operating with unclean clothes, instruments not clean, or rooms before germ infection was fully understood. Births not painless; handled mostly by midwife under candle and paraffin lights.

Registered hospitals 1957 in the United States were 6,848. Massachusetts is ninth with 209. In Massachusetts medical institutions are, I believe, best in the United States. But all hospitals need substantial funds despite endowments and community funds. In Beth El Hospital 20,000 babies were born in 1950-58, 600,000 used this hospital; gave 4 million days free time. Boston City Hospital, where no means test is required, gave 35,000 free treatments, 1957. They have 1,570 beds, 600 doctors, most on salaries, also all administration staff clinic 50 cents. Face, in outlay of million for facelifting. Boston General Hospital, before admittance to a clinic, a form must be filled (form enclosed) more searching that income tax; clinics, $3. Peabody City Hospital faces an outlay of $650,000 for repairs. Most hospitals require on entry and exit-who is going to pay? If a national health insurance law is passed a greater part of free time will be abolished by payments that in conjunction with nursing home care will

reduce caseload. Abolish small hospitals-share expensive equipment, pooling by medical faculty of all new and successful methods and make available to all practitioners. Not all hospitals are perfect. Richard Blum found four of California hospitals he examined needed complete changes in ethics and audit. In an understatement Eleanor Roosevelt column, hospital charges are almost prohibitive and vacancies exist in New York hospitals.

Charges in one Lynn hospital (form appended) are $17 a day; many are higher.

England has now taken in addition to hospitals 3,426 voluntary and teaching nursing homes and their endowments, 1910, 1911, 1948. Medical powers in all branches opposed came in later in full cooperation. Now England is united and has the cheapest managing cost. England and Russia pay time loss as well as medical care during sickness. Time loss is sound economy. In Russia women with jobs get full pay and 124 days free maternity. In Russia 50,000 women have 10 or more children, belong to the Order of Motherhood. The common cold caused 50 percent of absentees. Cost the United States $5 billions a year in man-hours and medicines.

U.S. News: 8 millions go in debt from heavy medical expenses. I have seen far too often a single carrier infect large numbers of workers. If pay loss existed carriers would stay home.

All doctors cannot take or care for their patients in hospitals. If Lynn is average, 1957 Lynn had 200 qualified doctors, 158 were ostracized. Hospital facilities should be available to all qualified doctors

There are 171 veterans hospitals, 17 domiciliaries in the United States. Each State has one or more. Twenty-three million veterans served in all wars, 22,633,000 can be potential users of these medical facilities. United States population, 175 million; that leaves 152,367,000 not covered. If the United States can finance and manage veterans hospitals with sound defined policies, then why should not civilian veterans of labor have the same free medical protection, United States control, OASI and unemployment compensation. Why should health protection be the remarkable exception? I have belonged to the Blue Cross since 1946 (form appended), Blue Shield was out at 65. My payments were raised in stages $6.35, $10.25, $15.25, $22.05 a quarter. These raises got only minute benefits. Since an OASI retirement no more payments are required. Then on retirement all payments should cease whether Blue Cross or others and each retired person should have full medical health protection. In 1956 there were 221,700 doctors, only 160,387 belonged to AMA; 99,227 dentists, only 86,872 belonged to Dentists Association. It seems to be the policy of these bodies to prevent publicity unless approved. If these minorities could state by secret ballot, I feel sure numbers would vote a national health law. Doctors in main object to be on salary. (Since 1929 dentist salaries increased 83 percent, doctors 157 percent.) So much for each patient as plan of other nations. January 1959 there were 7,000 research projects in 700 universities and private laboratories. United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md., support onehalf of medical research of one-half of 6,500 employees are technicians, scientists on salaries (now even have testers). All on salaries, as well as Mayo, Ford, and other clinics. Salaries are not a bar to incentive to work at highest capacity. On the contrary, I believe these dedicated people work more serenely at their highest mental capacities. The world owes a debt to these men who in invention, prevention, curative medicine have developed methods to combat yellow fever, cholera, smallpox, cancer, typhoid, dysentery, typhus and finding causes, preventing overcrowding, lice, mosquitoes, epidemics, are possible, even now, 1947, 200 died daily in New York of smallpox, 7 million vaccinated; influenza, 1928, one-half million died in the United States, 20 million affected over world from Iceland to New Zealand. Vaccine for influenza is available but not fully used, and polio shots in Detroit sent back cost and apathy of public. Some public health bodies do a great job in discovering carriers. Mary Fallon was the great carrier of diphtheria, and raw pork cause of another epidemic. October 1958, Boston, 1,600 osteopathic surgeons where Dr. Levitt warned that abuses of prepaid medicine, plans of patients by doctors and hospitals may lead to Government health insurance. Let's be frank. There are abuses by patients, doctors and drugstores, if some towns in Massachusetts are a criterion of Nation. Each is now alive as never before to police their organizations to prevent abuse. If and when national health law is passed, any illegal or evasive actions should be penalized in full. Clem Norton, March 14, 1959, 500 million spent on phony remedies for shortcut cases. News report $250 million vitamins sold over counters. Doctors state 240 millions wasted. Under health coverage patients

would seek medical aid and not buy medications on impulse. Some doctors might aid drug buying in their newspaper columns in which they give advice to unseen inquirers. Some sell pamphlets at 25 cents; one advised a series at $7.50. Sign I saw in window of drugstore "Come in, try pill, 'twill make you feel good. On the house." When I read that fine piece of literature the "Hippocratic Oath, one part I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous" (oath appended). When druggists, doctors, osteopathic surgeons have in meetings warned their members that abuses of prepaid medicine plans may lead to national health insurance. In many towns and cities prices, fees, drugs, have been excessive and protested, and each have promised to police their organizations. In 1947, 48 million prescriptions were filled in which wonder drugs were featured at stiff prices at a cost of 2 billion. A survey made by a reputable man showed 1,000 tablets of vitamins cost $1 to produce, sold to drugstore $5.40, to patients $8. Dexedrine, wholesale price for 1,000 tablets, $22.60 one firm, another firm $1.50. A tranquilizer drug, prices in 12 stores varied from 95 cents to $4.95 for 50 tablets. Aspirin, 12 cents to 67 cents, 100 tablets. I have known many cases of expensive prescribed drugs thrown away as harmful. But when these drugs are good for patients are beyond reach, if for protractive use and means of most particularly those over 65, who on August 1958 average on OASI end of February 10, 1959, $71.62_checks. This sum must cover a month's expenditure. News, March 1959, Jerome D. Fenton resigned from Labor Relations because $20,000 a year was not enough. State aid is more generous. Average monthly check $96.20, plus $6.50 day nursing home, $8.95 medical center, $11 a day chronic hospital; doctors, $3 office, $4 home; no limit on visits. Lynn limits $25 a month for drugs. Massachusetts is fourth for welfare care, eighth in wealth, sixth in spending, ninth in number of hospitals. Even congressmen, when in session, get free medical treatment. Doctors' private patients charges are not standard in Massachusetts: $4-$6 specialists, $10 to $15 for office visits. Doctor's home visits $5 to $6, plus drugs, transportation, and other charges; transfusion, $25; X-rays, $10. There are 84,166 on Massachusetts State aid; may have some shysters as are unfortunately in other parts of system of the United States, but the majority are victims of the unequal distribution system. No one I affirm would want to go back to separation of family and over the hill to the poorhouse. I have seen many a husband and wife going to different workhouses and treated worse than animals. There can be no return-England has turned poor-law institutions into hospitals.

In cities practice is growing for doctors grouping in office buildings, telephoneanswering services. Immediate contact is delayed, sometimes results in undue suffering weekend and nights. Doctors sometimes are not found. When appointments are made, waits of long periods sometimes occur, wasting patient's time.

Drew Pearson, August 30, 1958, states AMA spent $499,906 to create better public relations. Why was this necessary if doctors kept the Hippocratic oath. There is a break in their ranks, 181,000 professional nurses favor Forand H.R. 4700 bill (News Report). William Decker, Corning Glass Co., says H.R. 4700 the best solution. Dr. Graham Beaumont of England, visiting the United States, when asked to compare British and United States systems said, in effect, there is no substitute for total health coverage as in England. Most large industries have some form of medical care but this is lost on severance and termination of employment. Doctors don't seem to like this form because it does not give free choice of doctors; other doctors generally feel that free choice of doctors is a fetish. I believe in free choice of doctors and hospitals.

In 1958 amendments, which increased OASI recipients 7 percent to 12.6 million, extra cost was $50 million. That $50 million I affirm will be spent largely on food (not vicuna coats). That should help farmers. Drew Pearson also states $6 million paid to subsiduaries, farms-billions for defense. News, March 2, 1957, Stanley Jankus fined $3,370-1956 for growing more than quota of crops for his own stock. That doesn't make sense. The United States had given Formosa $2 to $5 million and $1 million for training and equipment of farmers; Italy, $220 million; Austria, $52 million; Yugoslavia, $11 million. The United States spends untold millions on space missiles-money is always found. While there are nearly 5 million unemployed and vast numbers in need of medical care beyond their present means, money remains in Fort Knox. UASI pensioners, 67,787 in number, have left the United States to live in Italy, Canada, Greece, England, Philippines, Yugoslavia, West Germany, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden, because their pensions can secure a higher standard of living. If they remain in the United States they are outside

looking in-before retiring they were inside looking out (above nations have health insurance). If instead of giving these huge amounts to other countries for economic aid these sums were used for larger pensions and complete national health coverage, the United States would be the greatest of democratic nations. Perils of migrants (Coronet, September 1958): 2 million migrants roam for work in seasonal occupation; roam States of Texas, California, Pennsylvania, Maine, Georgia, and others for crops, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cranberries, cotton, and others. Housed frequently in unhealthy chicken coops, barns, some without sanitation, running water, light, etc., poses a threat of carrier disease and public-health authority should be given greater funds and power.

Since the trends have over successive decades gone from rural to urban, tensions and fears have grown. Man is no longer a complete unit. He is a part of a production system. Day work to piece, assembly lines, high-speed machines; time studies, factories moving to other towns or States-competition to jobs, costs of sickness; time studies for minimum motions, unemployment making mortgage payments difficult. When a man gets a job he cannot put his family on payroll. In Massachusetts there are 30,000 mental patients; suicides 10th highest in the United States. A new Branch Rescue, Inc., privately finances part of Boston City Hospital. They deal with 150 a month; they save 74 definite in 1 month-results of tensions and fears could be largely eliminated with national health coverage and adequate pensions. Pursuit of happiness in this troubled world for those retired is blocked by sickness costs, of high charges of funerals which have to be met by relatives because of inability to make provision out of inadequate pensions. Therefore adequate pensions must be provided and relief given by passage of H.R. 4700, which provides national health insurance. Freedom of speech exists but audience is missing for those retired except those who in standing room only meet on street corners or public squaresno comfortable plush hall, even these pass away and over years fresh groups form.

Freedom of religion, yes, before retirement, but after pension cannot contribute on former level. Therefore they sometimes stay away or be ostracized for low pledges. Pursuit of progress cannot be high geared-absence of NHI without a national health law.

Before retiring food, shelter, clothing was reasonably possible. They were inside looking out. After retiring on an average end February 1959, $71.62, are outside looking in and wondering how to make both ends meet with material that won't stretch even by a market expert on bargaining and cheapest of food items. March News, Boston, given a grant of $39,000 to find out why men grow old-above the answer-larger checks and health coverage. In four generations I have seen these heroic men, famous veterans of labor, bloodied and charged by lancers under material law for the right to organize in England. The United States 1934 is martial law bloodshed on two, each killed in San Francisco, Minneapolis, Toledo, for the right to organize. Those were days when secrecy at start was a must or else get beaten up or lose your job. Courageous men led their meetings heavily policed, taking conspicuous notes and on trivial words arrest speakers. Yet these men worked very long hours at starvation wages. Few pleasures and no luxuries. England gave Sam Gompers, to become father of the labor movement, United States, but their loins sprung the race that have built the standards of living that exist today beyond the dreams of prophets who lived in previous centuries. They have given their all so that future generations shall not be called upon to endure the bitter hardship and untold suffering of the past. With national health coverage there will be problems of those not qualified at start to come under but are financed by public drives, 1959, are nationwide; $170 million collected in United States, cost $26 million to collect. These drives increase each year. I get 17 appeals each year. These drives should be consolidated and eventually come under national health coverage. In this ultra modern age permanent limits of standards cannot be defined. Changes occur almost with rapidity of light. To all it should be evident that if any considerable segment of population is impoverished from heavy costs of sickness, cannot buy goods through lack of funds in the U.S. markets, labor will suffer economic loss. Shall we be governed by past century thinkers, such as John Stuart Mills, John Waltham, Herbert Spencer? In their philosophies land could not support an expanding population or grow food adequate for its need; that extreme poverty would always be with us; that war and pestilence would kill the weak and unfit have survival of the fittest; that births should be curtailed. How wrong they were.

There is no foreseeable limit to what land can produce if the United States is a guide. Where land is taken out of cultivation and quotas of crops fixed for each producer, yet despite this there are in the United States surpluses of millions-$9 million worth in U.S. warehouses. Extreme poverty is not an insoluble problem in the United States. U.S. population even increasing-no diminution of adequate food with proper distribution.

In the United States we want the greatest good for all the people, then we must follow the light lit by two great humanitarians in the United States. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who said to Francis Perkins, "I believe in the cradle to the grave," pasage 1935, social security laws, Roosevelt national health survey, 1935-36, and his frequent attempts to have compulsory health insurance in the United States, and it is reported he with a doctor at the time of his death was drafting such a measure. Harry Truman only 5 months in office drafted plans and in subsequent years drew public attention to utmost need of national health insurance. He published in 1952 "Health Needs of Nation" in five volumes.

The heat is on by four national bodies, each claims to be our best friend to stop compulsory health insurance. Insurance companies state we have the know-all and can give very low rates but, in their invisible print, we shall have to make profits to pay for our $100 million buildings (as in Boston).

Some doctors say under national health law you get only what you pay for. We can give you better service as private patients. They neglect to state that 47 nations who have health average have better health standards than existed before. If under U.S. health law they gave less than their best, they would not last long. The public can't be fooled long. Druggists say, do it yourself if you are feeling unwell; use our drugs; you will find them in stores and markets vividly labeled just what they are and what they do and read our national publicity for other information. Nonprofit bodies racing to get under cover by adding 65'ers to Blue Shield. None admit that the President of the United States is head of a family of 175 million and is therefore vested with responsibility to keep his family vigorously and healthy, and the only way is what 47 nations found is by a national health law. The United States cannot longer stand among nations in splendid unisolation.

Allen Toynbee states the time will come when all the friends of civilization will be shared equally by all and that is practical politics. He and Vice President Nixon were on same platform in Boston recently and Nixon quoted above and said he was in accord. I shall watch our Vice President with great interest on all humanitarian measures.

"There is a tide in the affairs of man which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune." The flood is here. On the crest is the long-awaited ship H.R. 4700 with a manifest and charter for a national health insurance law for United States of America. Ready, aye, ready to land. Awaits Pilot Forand with the ways and means to tie up to the 47-nation buoy.

Since writing above I have read report submitted to Ways and Means Committee, April 3, 1959, entitled "Hospital Insurance for OASI Beneficiaries" with astonishment because in that report pursuit of information did not go further than the booth on the front porch. I looked in vain for visits to Sweden, England, Russia, cradle-to-grave nations, whose systems are national successes, nor did this committtee recommend books as helpful that are in the Congressional Library: Melchior Palyi, "Compulsory Medical and Welfare States"; J. G. Thwait's "Modern Medical Discoveries"; A. L. Barron, "Men Against Germs"; James Cook, "Remedies and Rackets"; W. Shiver, "Mid-Century Journey;" James Howard Means, "People and Government"; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Coming of the New Deal"; Galbraith, "Affluent Society"; John Gunther, "Inside Russia."

There are many others ably written, judicial in character, that the Ways and Means Committee would do well to study, also in Congressional Library. BENJAMIN E. WAITE.

JULY 8, 1959.

Then there appeared before me Benjamin E. Waite, of Lynn, Mass. He stated under oath, that the above material was from what he believes to be accurate sources. With malice to none and that he is paying all expenses personally so that United States of America shall ultimately have complete social security coverage, and that is his concept of brotherhood of man.

CHARLES V. HOGAN.