of these communities were actually prepared to utilize substantial sums of money in communitywide demonstration projects for the control and prevention of juvenile delinquency. As a result, the majority of our grants this year will, of necessity, be planning grants to enable communities to organize themselves and their resources for a concerted attack on the problems that face them in controlling and preventing juvenile delinquency. Thus, we expect in 1963 a number of well-organized, well-planned applications for larger grants to put programs into operation.

SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE

Based on this experience we are presenting a budget for 1963 totaling $8,500,000 which reflects the need for additional personnel as well as increased grant allowances as communities become organized to mount demonstration projects for the control and prevention of juvenile delinquency. This is an increase of $2,054,000 over 1962 obligational authority and is requested for the following purposes:

1. Demonstration projects_.

2. Training programs-

3. Technical assistance services and administration__.

Total_

$1,250,000 466, 000 338,000

2, 054, 000

GRANTS FOR DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Our first experience this year with demonstration projects for the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency has revealed a large number of fragmented projects existing around the country. Many of these in and of themselves have considerable value. However, it is very rare that we find a project that really addresses itself to the total environment of youth in their community and to the various obstacles that are in the way of many of our youth, preventing them from achieving productive adulthood. In order to develop such projects most communities have needed time and expert consultation to involve the necessary organizations and people, to clarify and identify the major facts which influence the problems of youth. As these communities develop comprehensive plans to attack juvenile delinquency we can confidently support additional community projects. In many of our cities, large and small, there exist concentrations of economically, culturally, and educationally deprived children and youth. The legitimate career opportunities for them are extremely limited, and for the most part rather unrewarding. In contrast, the illegal or criminal career opportunities look much more attractive.

The goal of a comprehensive plan is to develop far broader and more attractive legitimate career opportunities for these deprived children and youth. As has been stated, few large projects can be undertaken in 1962, but a major effort has been made in helping local communities plan for such projects. We hope to undertake, in the near future, at least one comprehensive project which will be located in New York City. In addition, we expect to give planning grants to 15 to 20 cities in fiscal 1962. This planning should result in a large number of projects in 1963 which necessitates the increased request of $1,250,000.

GRANTS AND CONTRACTS FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL

One of the most serious problems that confronts the development of adequate programs in the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency is the lack of well-trained personnel to accomplish the variety of tasks required by a comprehensive program. Teachers, probation and parole officers, police, vocational counselors, community developers, social workers, and psychologists-all of these people who deal with the segments of our society most vulnerable to juvenile delinquency need additional training to better understand the people and the problems that face them.

For this purpose, we have supported the development of training centers, based at universities, that can utilize all of the talents and disciplines in a university, to provide the necessary body of knowledge and skills to train personnel. Thus, we have promoted the utilization of such diverse disciplines as psychology and psychiatry, sociology and social work, government and law, and a host of others. In addition, through these grants we have encouraged and plan to support a variety of inservice and other short-term training ex

periences. In order to develop such a coordinated approach to training, a university must plan very carefully. Several of these plans are reaching the operational stages and will be ready to start on a full-scale training program this year. The additional funds requested of $466,000 will accelerate this program and will enable the centers to offer rich and varied programs to several thousand more trainees.

The influence of this program will extend beyond the persons trained. It can be expected that new information and ideas developed in these training courses will be incorporated in the various curriculums of the university by the faculty members participating in the program of the training. Thus, in the usual educational programs, far greater insights into the problems of youth will be achieved.

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SERVICES AND ADMINISTRATION

The Special Assistant for Juvenile Delinquency has been designated by the Secretary to administer the provisions of Public Law 87-274 and to coordinate the resources of the Department. The operation of the Office of the Special Assistant also involves considerable activity related to the granting procedures. Large numbers of inquiries and applications are received. These have to be processed, recorded, and distributed to the personnel who must review them. In addition, the technical review panels which have been established to review the project applications, must receive copies of these applications with appropriate staff comments before they are assembled to discuss and recommend to the Secretary. For these reasons, we are requesting the addition of one administrative assistant who will undertake these duties. This person will be located in the Office of the Special Assistant.

During the first 6 months of experience we have given consultation to both communities and to universities who are preparing for demonstration projects and training programs. Attention has also been given to developing comprehensive programs which require considerable coordination among the various agencies, organizations, and people in the local communities. As more communities and universities have come closer to the development of comprehensive plans that will be acceptable, and as they have comprehended the prerequisites for plans that would give good promise of a productive program, additional consultation has become necessary.

In cooperation with the Children's Bureau, we have established a Youth Development Unit which devotes itself to the community organization and training activities envisioned under this legislation and which relates priImarily to the functions of the Children's Bureau. In addition, we have developed a similar unit within the Office of Education which will give primary attention to the educational aspects of this law. Secondly, through the mechanism of the President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime, we established two positions each in the Department of Labor and the Department of Justice to give special attention to the requirements of this bill as they relate to these two Departments. In 1963 as the program expands, we have need for additional staff in these offices and we are therefore requesting that an additional community program specialist and clerk for a total of two positions be added to the Youth Development Unit of the Children's Bureau.

We have seen also the need for one additional staff assistant and clerk in the Youth Development Unit of the Office of Education, as schools are participating more and more in the development of comprehensive plans to demonstrate the effectiveness of various programs for the control and prevention of juvenile delinquency. We have found that communities need considerable help in ascertaining which organizations, agencies, and people are necessary for the development of effective demonstration projects and in organizing such projects. It has also become clear that they will need continuing help during the functioning of these projects and for their evaluation. Therefore, the assistance of the above-named specialists will be necessary.

The development of employment opportunities for all youth, particularly for youths with culturally and economically deprived backgrounds. is an extremely important adjunct of the total plan for the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency. Another extremely important aspect is the provision of adequate corrective services for the youth in whom we are most interested. As this program gains momentum, we are asking for one additional youth specialist in each of the Departments of Labor and Justice to augment the staff of two now provided each Department.

The development of community programs to prevent and control juvenile delinquency must be undertaken at the local level. During this next year we hope to be able to continue to provide the necessary stimulation, expert consultation and evaluation, and the dissemination of information that will provide local communities with the assistance needed to deal with the problems of youth and thus prevent and control the spread of juvenile delinquency.

I shall be pleased to answer any questions you may have.

GENERAL STATEMENT

Dr. OHLIN. Several months ago the Congress enacted Public Law 87-274 which provided the Department with the financial means to find, through demonstration projects and training, ways to prevent and control the growing juvenile delinquency problem which is plaguing major sections of this country.

Since that time we have been engaged in developing working relationships among the several agencies of this and other Departments whose cooperation and coordination are necessary to effectively carry out the provisions of the act. Our major efforts to date, however, have been related to giving necessary consultation to the various communities and training centers that will be engaged in this work. In our contacts with communities who are preparing or have submitted applications for demonstration project grants it early became evident that very few were actually prepared to utilize substantial sums of money in communitywide demonstration projects. As a result, while some comprehensive programs will be undertaken, notably in New York, the majority of the grants this year will be planning grants to enable communities to organize themselves and their resources for a concerted attack on this problem.

BUDGET ESTIMATE

Thus, our estimate of $8,500,000 for 1963, which is an increase of $2,054,000 over our 1962 obligational authority, will enable us to put into operation in 1963 a substantially increased number of well-organized, well-planned comprehensive projects.

This year we are also supporting the development of training centers based at universities so that persons working with the segment of our society most vulnerable to juvenile delinquency may be adequately prepared. These will include teachers, probation officers, police, vocational counselors, social workers, and the like. The increase for 1963 will accelerate this training program to cover several thousand more trainees.

CONSULTATION ON TRAINING GRANTS

Most of our work has gone into consulting with various applicants for planning grants in connection with the act. There are a number of communities that we have encountered throughout the country that have been interested in putting on rather large-scale demonstration programs, but it has been our experience that very few of them are actually prepared to put on those programs. Most of them require some sort of planning support before they are in a position to put these programs together. So in this first year of the demonstration grant section of the act we have placed greater stress on helping communities to get a planning process going in this area.

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TRAINING CENTERS

In connection with the training grants section of the act we have emphasized the development of training centers throughout the country, and programs of institutes and workships for short-term traineeships. This year, for 1962, we are asking for an appropriation of $8,500,000, which is an increase of $2,054,000 over our 1962 obligational authority.

I would like to say that both Mr. Russell and I am prepared to answer any questions that you may have.

AUTHORIZATION AND APPROPRIATION

Senator HILL. The $8.5 million is on the authorization of $10 million?

Dr. OHLIN. Yes, sir. We are authorized $10 million in the act and we were allowed $8,500,000.

Senator HILL. But you feel that with the $8.5 million you can go forward with building your programs?

Dr. OHLIN. Yes, we could. I think we could have used the other $1,500,000 as it turns out. However, this is a new program. We are just getting started. It is a question of just how many grants can be given in this area.

Senator HILL. But you think you can have good programs with $8.5 million?

Dr. OHLIN. Yes, I do. I think we are getting some very excellent programs underway. I think that the $1,500,000 would have permitted us to put more such programs in the field. I think this is the difference.

Senator HILL. Of course, you have just started this year, or, rather, you have been started for some 7 months, but with the $8.5 million you will be making progress, will you not?

Dr. OHLIN. Yes. I think we are making excellent progress. I have been delighted with the response we have gotten from communities, and we have been able to meet most of the requests that measured up to our criteria.

PROGRESS UNDER ACT

Senator HILL. And you feel that you are making good progress? Dr. OHLIN. Yes, I do. I think we are.

Senator HILL. Doctor, may I ask what your work was before you took the position as Special Assistant for Delinquency?

Dr. OHLIN. I was a professor of sociology in the School of Social Work at Columbia University. My area of special interest there and at the University of Chicago, where I was formerly, has been in the area of delinquency, corrections, and adult crime.

Senator HILL. Did you go to school at the University of Chicago? Dr. OHLIN. Yes, I did.

Senator HILL. I might say that I am very much interested in this program. I am one of the authors of it in the Senate. I think the Secretary evidently made a very happy and splendid selection in putting you in charge of this work.

Dr. OHLIN. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I would like to take this occasion to express my appreciation to you for the work that you did in developing and securing the enactment of this law.

It has proved, I think, a very flexible law, and we have been able, I think, to lay a very firm groundwork for good program in this field. Senator HILL. You have not found any too great defects in it yet? Dr. OHLIN. No, we have not. As a matter of fact, it has stood very well and I think it has given a lot of strength to the program. Senator HILL. That is very gratifying.

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We certainly want to thank you, Doctor, we appreciate your kindness very much.

Thank you, sir.

Mr. Kelly, I guess that concludes this phase of it.

The committee will be in recess, subject to the call of the Chair. (Whereupon, the hearing in the above-entitled matter was recessed at 4:10 p.m., Friday, March 9, 1962, to reconvene Friday, March 16, 1962.)