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President's appointments and travel. He was also assigned certain special projects. Sloan left the White House in March 1971 to join the President's reelection campaign organization. He resigned as the treasurer of the Finance Committee to Re-Elect the President (FCRP) on July 11, 1972.

(7) In July 1970, John W. Dean was hired by Haldeman as counsel to the President. Dean had previously been an Associate Deputy Attorney General in the Justice Department. His duties in the White House included working with the Justice Department. The counsel's office advised the President on technical legal problems and prepared legal opinions on issues. Dean was also assigned by Haldeman to gather information on political matters of interest to the White House. Dean normally reported to Haldeman, but on certain domestic matters he reported to Ehrlichman. Dean resigned on April 30, 1973.

(8) In October 1970, Fred Fielding was hired as assistant to the counsel to the President. He became associate counsel in the spring of 1971. He was Dean's "principal deputy." Fielding was appointed deputy counsel in early 1973, and resigned from the President's staff on January 11, 1974.

(9) In January 1969, Herbert G. Klein was appointed to the newly created position of director of communications for the executive branch. Ĥis office handled many of the White House public relations and media activities. He and his assistants in the office of communications reported to Haldeman. Klein resigned from the White House on July 1, 1973.

(10) On October 7, 1969, Jeb Stuart Magruder was appointed special assistant to the President to work on Haldeman's staff. Later in 1969 Magruder was also named deputy director of communications. He held both positions until he resigned in May 1971 to work in the President's reelection campaign organization; he later became deputy campaign director of CRP. Magruder's responsibility at the White House was public relations. He organized letter writing programs, encouraged media coverage, and formed private committees to support administration positions.

(11) In December 1970, Herbert L. Porter came to the White House with the understanding that he would work in the reelection campaign. After doing advance work for about a month, Porter was offered a job by Magruder on Klein's staff. From January until May 1971 he worked as a staff assistant in the communications office, where he did public relations work, including scheduling speakers. Porter assumed scheduling responsibilities for the predecessor organization of CRP in May 1971.

(12) On November 6, 1969, Charles W. Colson was named special counsel to the President. Colson initiated, planned, and executed many White House public relations and media efforts. He was in charge of White House relations with "special interest groups" and coordinated fund raising for administration projects. Colson also organized political support for the President's policies. Generally, he reported to Haldeman, but he reported directly to the President on certain matters. On March 10, 1973, Colson resigned from the White House. (Colson testimony, 3 HJC 184-85)

(13) In September 1969, Frederick C. LaRue was appointed a special consultant to the President. He served without pay. LaRue

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reported to Haldeman on the political projects he undertook for the White House. He resigned on February 15, 1972, to work in the President's re-election campaign and later became special assistant to CRP's campaign director.

(14) Herbert Kalmbach became the President's personal attorney in 1969. He had worked on President Nixon's 1962 campaign for Governor of California and had been associate finance chairman of the President's 1968 campaign. Kalmbach undertook various fundraising assignments on behalf of the President from 1969 through 1972. Kalmbach was not employed by the White House, although he acted at Haldeman's direction. (Kalmbach testimony, 3 HJC 529-30, 594, 660, 664)

In January 1969, John D. Ehrlichman was appointed counsel to the President. He reported primarily to Haldeman. On November 4, 1969, he became assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and the President's chief assistant in the White House for all domestic matters. He advised the President on policy and communicated Presidential decisions to departments and agencies. On July 1, 1970, the Domestic Council was established in the Executive Office of the President as a separate entity with its own staff and budget. Ehrlichman was appointed Executive Director. On Jaunary 20, 1973, Ehrlichman resigned this position and on January 21 joined Haldeman as one of the four principal assistants to the President. He worked in that capacity until May 19, 1973. On April 30, 1973, the President announced Ehrlichman's resignation from the White House.

The following were among the members of the White House staff under Ehrlichman's supervision:

(1) In January 1969, Egil Krogh came to the White House as a staff assistant to Ehrlichman. He was deputy counsel to the President from May 1969 until November 1969, when he was appointed deputy assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs. In July 1970, he assumed the additional position of Assistant Director of the Domestic Council. Krogh reported to Ehrlichman, except on a few matters where he reported directly to the President. Krogh's responsibilities in domestic affairs focused on law enforcement, including work with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, drug enforcement programs, and internal security matters. In July 1971, pursuant to instructions from the President, Krogh organized the White House special investigations unit (the "Plumbers"). His work with the unit continued until December 1971. In January 1973 Krogh was appointed Under Secretary of Transportation.

(2) In 1969, David Young came to the White House as an administrative assistant to Henry Kissinger in the National Security Council (NSC). He was Kissinger's appointments secretary. In January 1971, Young became a special assistant, NSC, in charge of classification and declassification of documents. In July 1971, he was transferred to Ehrlichman's staff and assigned to work with Krogh on the White House special investigations unit. Young continued as an assistant to Krogh until January 1973, when he was appointed to a staff position on the Domestic Council. He left the White House in March 1973.

(3) G. Gordon Liddy became a member of the White House special investigations unit in July 1971. His appointment was authorized

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by Ehrlichman and he was placed on the payroll of the Domestic Council. Liddy worked for Krogh until he resigned from the White House staff in mid-December 1971. He then became counsel to CRP and in March 1972 moved to a predecessor organization of FCRP. He was counsel to FCRP until June 28, 1972.

(4) In early July 1971, E. Howard Hunt started work as a White House consultant. He had been recommended by Colson and initially worked under Colson's supervision. In July 1971 Hunt was assigned with Ehrlichman's approval to the White House special investigations unit, where he worked under Krogh's direction. Hunt had spent 21 years with the Central Intelligence Agency.

(5) In late November 1968, Edward L. Morgan began working under Ehrlichman's supervision to coordinate some of the President's personal affairs. He worked as deputy counsel to the President, deputy assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs, and Assistant Director of the Domestic Council. Morgan left the White House in January 1973 and was appointed an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

(6) On April 8, 1969, John J. Caulfield, a former New York City police detective, was hired by Ehrlichman as a staff assistant to the counsel to the President. His duties were to act as liaison with Federal law enforcement agencies and to supervise White House investigations. Ehrlichman ordered the investigations Caulfield directed; later, when Dean became counsel to the President, Caulfield received assignments from both Ehrlichman and Dean. In March 1972 Caulfield left the White House to work for CRP. On April 28, 1972, he accepted a position in the Treasury Department. On July 1, 1972, Caulfield became the Acting Assistant Director for Enforcement of the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the Internal Revenue Service.

(7) In July 1969, Anthony T. Ulasewiez, a retired New York City police detective, was authorized by Ehrlichman to work under Caulfield to carry out investigative tasks for the White House. Ulasewiez was not directly employed by the White House, but received investigative assignments through Caulfield, and reported to him. He was paid by Herbert Kalmbach, the President's personal lawyer, from July 1969 through 1972, and worked with Kalmbach from June 1972 through September 1972.

Rose Mary Woods has worked as President Nixon's personal secretary since 1951. She joined the White House staff as the President's personal secretary in January, 1969 and was promoted to executive assistant and personal secretary in June, 1973. (Rose Mary Woods testimony, In re Grand Jury, Misc. 47-73, November 8, 1973, 801, 81213; Butterfield testimony, 1 HJC 63).

III

OTHER ADMINISTRATION OFFICIALS

On January 20, 1969 President Nixon appointed John Mitchell Attorney General of the United States. (Mitchell testimony, 2 HJC 124) In 1971 Mitchell began organizing the President's 1972 re-election campaign. Mitchell resigned as Attorney General on March 1, 1972, and officially became campaign director of the 1972 campaign on

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April 9, 1972. (Mitchell testimony, 2 HJC 124-25) Mitchell resigned as campaign director on July 1, 1972, but continued to act as a consultant to CRP throughout the campaign and after the election. (Mitchell testimony, 2 HJC 125)

In February, 1969, Richard Kleindienst joined the Nixon Administration as Deputy Attorney General. (Kleindienst testimony, 9 SSC 3560) On February 15, 1972 the President nominated Kleindienst to be Attorney General to succeed John Mitchell, who was leaving the Department of Justice to become head of CRP. (Book V, 606-08) Kleindienst was confirmed by the Senate on June 8, 1972. (Kleindienst testimony, 9 SSC 3560) On April 30, 1973 the President announced Kleindienst's resignation as Attorney General.

In November, 1970, President Nixon appointed Robert Mardian Assistant Attorney General in charge of Internal Security Division of the Department of Justice. Mardian had previously served in the Nixon Administration as General Counsel for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. From May, 1972 until June, 1972 Mardian was a political coordinator at the Committee for the Reelection of the President. After June 17, 1972 Mardian acted as a counsel to CRP for Watergate matters. (Mardian testimony, 6 SSC 2346-47; 6 Presidential Documents 1583).

Henry Petersen was a career employee of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice. In January, 1972 the President appointed Petersen Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division.

L. Patrick Gray was Acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from May 3, 1972 until he resigned that position on April 27, 1973. (Gray testimony, 9 SSC 3450, 3493) Gray had previously served as executive assistant to HEW Secretary Robert Finch, and in the Department of Justice as Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division. In February, 1972 the President nominated Gray to be Deputy Attorney General, but the nomination had not been acted upon by the Senate at the time of his appointment as acting Director of the FBI. (Gray testimony, 9 SSC 3473-75) On February 17, 1973 the President nominated Gray to be permanent Director of the FBI. On April 5, 1973 the President withdrew Mr. Gray's nomination. (9 Presidential Documents 335)

Richard Helms was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency at the time Richard Nixon became President. Helms had been with the Agency since its inception in 1947 and became its Director on June 30, 1966. Helms left the CIA on February 2, 1973 after being appointed by the President as Ambassador to Iran (Helms testimony, 8 SSC 3232)

Vernon Walters, a lieutenant general in the U.S. Army, was appointed by the President to be Deputy Director of the CIA after General Cushman left the Agency. Walters began to serve in this capacity on May 2, 1972. General Walters had served as interpreter and aide to Richard Nixon when he toured South America as Vice President. (Walters testimony, 9 SSC 3403-04)

Maurice Stans was a principal fundraiser in President Nixon's 1968 campaign. (HJC, Background-White House/CRP 5) President Nixon appointed Stans Secretary of Commerce effective Janu

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ary 21, 1969. Stans served as Commerce Secretary until February 15, 1972, when he resigned to become Chairman of the Finance Committee to Re-elect the President. (Stans testimony, 2 SSC 695)

IV

OPERATION OF THE PRESIDENT'S STAFF

From January, 1970, until March, 1973, Alexander Butterfield was personal aide to the President. His office was next to the Oval Office of the President; his responsibilities were to insure the "smooth running of the President's official day." (Butterfield testimony, 1 HJC 9-10) He was in a uniquely well-suited position to know the manner in which the President's staff was organized and operated.

During his first term as President, according to testimony by Butterfield, President Nixon spent almost all of his working time with one of a handful of assistants: on all matters of policy, direction, politics, and strategy, with H. R. Haldeman; on most domestic matters, with John Ehrlichman; on political matters, with Charles Colson; and on foreign affairs, with Henry Kissinger. The vast majority of the President's time was spent with Haldeman, (Butterfield testimony, 1 HJC 14-16, 40) who, according to Butterfield, "was an extension of the President":

He [Haldeman] was far and away the closest person to the President. There was never any competition with regard to Mr. Haldeman's role.... He was an extension of the President . (Butterfield testimony, 1 HJC 13) Haldeman was the alter ego. Haldeman was almost the other President. I can't emphasize that enough. (Butterfield testimony, 1 HJC 66)

In his public statement of March 12, 1973 refusing to permit members of his personal staff to honor requests for Congressional appearances, the President himself said:

If the President is not subject to such questioning, it is equally appropriate that members of his staff not be so questioned, for their roles are in effect an extension of the Presidency. (“Presidential Statements," 3/12/73, 6)

In his testimony before the Committee, Butterfield drew an organizational chart of the White House staff showing the President's relationships to Haldeman and to other members of his staff. This diagram was made part of the record.