I might point out that the motels and restaurants, and so forth, that I mentioned a minute ago in connection with the Smoky Mountains National Park are located on private land. They are privately owned. They are all on the tax books.

In our area I feel no tax loss. As a matter of fact, the Smoky Mountains National Park has been the No. 1 economic developer of the section that I represent in Congress.

You mentioned crime in Yosemite and crime in national parks as being a problem, just as crime every where in our Nation is a problem. Some of the same people who cause the trouble on the streets, go into national parks.

You mentioned that 1970 situation in Yosemite. We did have a problem there. A bunch of toughies on motorcycles went in there on the Fourth of July and caused a great amount of trouble. Many of them were arrested. The situation there has improved greatly during the last year. That situation is not typical of national parks. I don't know of any other one that has had the problem that Yosemite had in 1970.

Nevertheless, we do need to spend more money for more rangers and more policemen in order to protect the public in these national parks. When a person goes there, he goes for a restful recreational experience and certainly shouldn't be molested.

Are there any questions?

Mr. SEBELIUS. No questions, Mr. Chairman.

Mr. BURLISON. No questions.

Mr. TAYLOR. Counsel has a question.

Mr. McELVAIN. On that same point, Mr. Chairman, if I may. I just checked briefly with Mr. Bernie Campbell of the National Park Service who administers other areas in the State of Arkansas, to inquire what the crime rate, if any, is at other national park facilities in that vicinity. The only one where there have been any reportable crimes committed is at Hot Springs, and there were only 14 there last

year.

I think your comparison of the Buffalo River with Yosemite was not too appropriate. It is sort of like comparing apples and oranges. Your comparison should have been probably with other units in the same region. There I think you would find the crime rate would be much less extensive.

Of course, in the State of Arkansas you don't have large metropolitan complexes like you do in the State of California where you normally have a higher rate of crime generally than you would in your home State.

I just make that point really more as a point than as a question. You might wish to investigate that a little further to see if you can revise your thinking on that aspect of your testimony.

Mr. BURDINE. We will be glad to investigate that.

Mr. TAYLOR. Let me add this though. We do not establish parks to promote the economic condition of an area. We do not establish them in order to promote tax bases. We establish them in order to provide recreation for the people of America. As a by-product, quite often they do result in promoting the economic development of the

area.

Thank you for your testimony.

Mr. BURDINE. Thank you.

Mr. TAYLOR. Mr. Duane Kelly.

STATEMENT OF DUANE KELLY, TEACHER FROM KANSAS CITY, MO.

Mr. KELLY. Thank you for the opportunity to come up here and speak today. I want to speak for several people and organizations.

I am Duane Kelly. I teach at college and public school in Kansas City, Mo. First, I have a letter to transmit from Joe Thompson, a student of mine, who is vitally concerned with the environment and its future. He is young enough and sees far enough down the road that this is a very important item.

I have a letter of support from the Buroughs Nature Club for Birds, a Kansas City section of the Audubon Society. The Buroughs nature club has supported the idea of the Buffalo River project.

Mr. TAYLOR. These letters that you have will be turned over to counsel and will be placed in the record or the files as determined appropriate.

Mr. KELLY. All right. I would like to represent Ed Stegner, who is executive secretary of the Conservation Federation of Missouri. He is unable to be here. He is absolutely snowed under with an initiative petition effort to put a constitutional amendment before the people to expand the department of conservation's program.

The federation is composed of nearly 200 conservation clubs which comes up to about 24,000 members. I am on the board of directors of the federation and, as far back as I can remember, there has never been a single dissenting vote on the question of the Buffalo River National Park status. They have been solidly behind this as far back as the question has existed.

Mr. TAYLOR. Without objection, Mr. Stegner's statement will appear in the record at this point. Hearing none, so ordered.

(The statement follows:)

STATEMENT OF ED STEGNER, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE CONSERVATION FEDERATION OF MISSOURI, SUBMITTED BY DUANE KELLY

My name is Ed Stegner of Jefferson City, Missouri. I am Executive Secretary of the Conservation Federation of Missouri, a private association of nearly 200 conservation clubs and 24,000 individual members. Our Federation is the largest and most representative private conservation group in my state, being interested in all phases of natural resource conservation. We appreciate the opportunity to present this statement in support of HR 8382 to establish the Buffalo National River.

For many years, my organization has recognized that this nation's beautiful, free flowing rivers and streams represent one of our most valuable and unique natural resources, a resource which cannot be evaluated in dollars and cents.

We are, of course, most concerned with streams in the Midwest and particularly those in the Ozark mountains of Missouri and Arkansas where some of this nation's streams of highest quality are located and where many Missourians seek wilderness-type outdoor recreation. We believe that at least some of these high quality streams should be preserved in their present free flowing condition.

We would not want to leave the impression with this committee that we are opposed to all dams and reservoirs or other forms of river development. We do believe, however, that those remaining undeveloped streams of highest quality should be classified by law for preservation in their present free flowing, scenic condition for this and future generations to enjoy. As Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman told your full committee two years ago, "Scenic rivers are a part of rural America-its economy and its environment."

Some of the Ozark's rivers, such as the White, North Fork and Little Red, have already been destroyed as free flowing streams by dams. Others are fast deteriorating from pollution, uncontrolled development and overuse. Still others like the Current and Jacks Fork in Missouri have been assured preservation by the Ozark

National Scenic Riverways, and the Eleven Point in Missouri has been included in the recently enacted Wild and Scenic Rivers System and thereby preserved. The Congress is to be commended for its wisdom and forethought in preserving these and other high quality streams. Many states, such as my own, have committees and commissions developing state scenic rivers systems.

The Buffalo River in northwest Arkansas is perhaps the most scenic of all of the streams in the Missouri-Arkansas Ozark area. It flows through a relatively undeveloped, and one of the most beautiful parts of the Ozarks. Its beautiful high bluffs and waterfalls are believed to be the most spectacular in the entire Midwest. The area contains numerous unique geological and archeological features and the river's gravel bars are unexcelled for camping. Most of the area today is relatively unspoiled by human development. Although the stability of flow is not quite as consistent as that of the Current River, with the exception of the headwaters it can be floated the year round. This area is perhaps the nearest to a true wilderness of any in the Ozarks. We would hope that the National Park Service would develop the area with the objective of keeping it as near a wilderness as possible and still accommodate the visitors who wish to visit it.

If this most beautiful of the Ozark rivers is not protected by law, its unique wilderness qualities will gradually deteriorate because of uncontrolled commercial development and pollution or will be completely destroyed by dams which are already proposed and planned by the Corps of Engineers.

Although the Buffalo River is in the State of Arkansas, it represents a recreational resource enjoyed by people from all the surrounding states and actually belongs to all the people of our nation just as surely as does Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park.

Although the establishment of the National River will be a badly needed boost to the economy of the area, our primary concern is the resource and its importance to the welfare of all the people. Simply stated, it is a resource too unique and valuable to be lost for this and future generations.

While we recognize the Senate bill on Scenic Rivers offers more protection for the river's resources, we feel HR 8382 would provide for an adequate National River.

It is against this background that we support and endorse the Buffalo National River as proposed by Representative Hammerschmidt in HR 8382.

Mr. KELLY. I would like to represent the Ozark Wilderness Waterways Club, who has been not only in support but are in the leading edge of the wave you might say of the fight to save the Buffalo. We created situations to support it. It has taken us 10 years to get here, and we are mighty happy to be here.

The Ozark Wilderness Waterways Club is a family-based membership of roughly 350 families, primarily in the Kansas City metropolitan area, but with members in 19 States. The total individuals is well over a thousand.

We feel that there are small differences from our point of view between S. 7 and House bills 8382 and 9119. We are confident that they can be reconciled easily and quickly once the subcommittee favorably reports to the full committee and they come to the floor.

We most sincerely feel that the only current opposition to the national river proposal is from a few landowners along the river. We really believe that once they live with this plan for a while, they won't feel nearly as badly about it as they may at the present time.

OWWC wants it clearly understood that we wish no hardship to any present genuine landowner. We insist that all affected landowners be treated fairly. This has to be. We concur with Mr. Hammerschmidt that the five counties within the five park boundaries be compensated for all tax revenues lost through change of ownership. We concur further with Congressman Hammerschmidt that the Relocation Uniform Assistance Act be applied to affected landowners.

There are two proposed amendments that the OWWC also backs. One is the provision in the bill that consideration be made for studies of areas to be included or designated wilderness areas, especially in the Richland Creek area and its valley.

Mr. TAYLOR. You think that there are areas that are large enough and have the proper qualities to become wilderness?

Mr. KELLY. Yes; I believe there are two areas that are well over the minimum of 5,000 acres.

We also favor the creation of a citizens' advisory committee, that is advisory in terms of development.

It appears now that there is virtually no opposition to the Buffalo National River proposal. The State of Arkansas, officially, is for it. Past Govs. Orville Faubus and Winthrop Rockefeller supported it. Present Gov. Dale Bumpers supports it. Every member of the Arkansas congressional delegation is in support.

Mr. TAYLOR. Some of these property owners might disagree with that statement that there is virtually no opposition.

Mr. KELLY. The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers favor a Buffalo National River, and that says something.

To dramatize our interest in the Buffalo River, the Ozark Wilderness Waterways Club changed its traditional Thanksgiving canoe trip from a fine Missouri-Ozark stream to the Buffalo River 7 or 8 years ago. We will be back on the Buffalo for Thanksgiving less than 30 days from now. We devoutly hope our Thanksgiving prayers will have been answered by then.

I would like to support the personal Buffalo National River proposition. At this point I would like to say I agree totally, and I was a little surprised that nobody said anything other than you about the population pressures on the environment and their significance and importance. I agree with that in total. I would also like to say that I have traveled somewhat over the country and seen many rivers in different parts of the country, and nothing really compares with the Ozark streams and the Buffalo is a prime example of that.

Let me give you one example. Ben Ferrier probably canoed as many miles in his lifetime as any person in the world. He canoed about 40,000 miles. He canoed over much of Alaska. He has been to Hudson Bay several times by canoe to the Arctic Ocean, all over Canada. Ferrier thought that the Buffalo River was a really special river. Every time he passed through that part of the country he tried his best to get on the Buffalo, so that gives some perspective on the Buffalo. Before the Senate subcommittee I spoke of man escaping the gravitational field of earth for the first time. That committee hearing was only a few months after Apollo 8 looped around the moon. Man had been gone only a matter of hours when he was looking back longingly, speaking of what we have here on the good earth.

I also spoke of the cost of saving a river contrasted with the absolutely staggering cost of making a river. Today I would like to share with you some of Aldo Leopold's ideas from his essay "The Land Ethic" in his book "A Sand County Almanag

I believe that possibly this attitude ethics toward the land mi

He points out the land relation is still strictly economic, entailing privileges but not obligations. We all know that for every privilege we have, we have corresponding obligations. He had earlier pointed out that in the beginning man set up ethics dealing with individual relationships and later with individual society relationships. He advocates extending ethics to our relationships with the land, the land community, what we today call the environment.

He says:

A land ethic changes the roles of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the landcommunity to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow members, and also respect for the community as such.

He then speaks to what he calls land health in the A-B cleavage. This tries to reconcile ethics or contrast ethics and ethical relationship with the land with a purely economic outlook toward the land. In one group he says:

(A) Regards the land as soil, and its function as commodity-production; another group (B) regards the land as a biota, and its function as something broader.

He gives an example. In forestry, group A is quite content to grow trees like cabbages, with cellulose as the basic forest commodity.

Mr. TAYLOR. This is very interesting, but could you finish in about 2 more minutes. We have a long list of witnesses to hear this morning. Mr. KELLY. Less than that.

Mr. TAYLOR. We are going to place your entire statement in the record.

Mr. KELLY. Group B worries about a whole series of secondary forest functions such as wildlife, recreation, watersheds, wilderness areas. "To my mind, group B feels the stirrings of an ecological conscience."

He finishes that out with this statement: "In all of these cleavages, we see repeated the same basic paradoxes: man the conqueror versus man the biotic citizen: science the sharpener of his sword versus science the searchlight on his universe; land the slave and servant versus land the collective organism."

He turns to poetry to make his point. "Whether you will or not, You are a King, Tristram, for you are one of the time-tested few that leave the world, When they are gone, not the same place it was. Mark what you leave."

Thank you, sir.

(Statements of Mr. Kelly and the Ozark Wilderness Waterways Club follow:)

STATEMENT OF DUANE B. KELLY, KANSAS CITY, Mo.

Before the Senate Subcommittee I spoke of man escaping the gravitational field of earth for the first time. He had been gone only hours, when he was looking back longingly at "the Good Earth."

I also spoke of the cost of saving a river contrasted with the staggering cost of making one.

Today I would like to share with you some of Aldo Leopold's ideas from his essay "The Land Ethic" in his book A ́ Sand County Almanac:

When god-like Odysseus returned from the wars in Troy, he hanged all on one rope a dozen slave-girls of his household whom he suspected of misbehavior during his absence.