Developmental Toxicology

abnormalities action activity addition adult agents alterations animals appear approach associated behavioral binding Biochem birth blood carcinogens cells changes chemical cleft palate compared complex compounds considered culture demonstrated detection determine developmental differentiation disease dose drug early edited effects embryos enzyme evaluation example experimental exposed exposure factors female fetal function genetic gestation growth hepatic hormones human immune important increase indicated induced influence interaction involves levels limb liver males malformations maternal maturation measurement mechanisms membrane metabolism methods mice mouse neonatal normal observed occurs offspring ontogeny organ perinatal period Pharmacol placental possible postnatal potential pregnancy prenatal present Press produced protein rats reactions receptor relatively reproductive response risk screening selected sensitivity similar specific stage strains studies suggested Table teratogenic Teratology tissues toxicity Toxicology transplacental treatment tumors urogenital sinus weeks York