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Mr. Reeder is assigned as the senior landmine warfare subject-area analyst, responsible for all-source analysis and intelligence production. Mr. Reeder functions as the focal point for a complex subject area regularly representing Department of Defense and national intelligence agencies. Threat briefings and assessment products are frequently provided in support of multi-service materiel development efforts as well as international programs. Mr. Reeder and his staff have successfully accomplished landmine survey and assessments throughout the world (Afghanistan, Cambodia, El Salvador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kuwait, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, and Somalia) in support of potential and ongoing international demining programs. As a result of Mr. Reeder's accomplishments, the National Ground Intelligence Center has been identified as the "Center of Excellence for Foreign Landmine Warfare." The special surveys and assessments ensued from taskings which supported various agencies including the United Nations (High Commissioner for Refugees), the International Commission of the Red Cross, the Department of State (Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, Refugee Affairs, and Political Military International Security Operations), the Organization of American States, and the Department of Defense.

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Mr. Reeder has been a landmine warfare analyst at the National Ground Intelligence Center for the last 13 years. Prior to this period, he served 4 years in the US Army and 4 years in industry. As a Senior Staff Engineer, Mr. Reeder was responsible for estimates, budget, design, contracting, scheduling, and supervision of construction efforts for all major facilities of a major oil company. As a combat engineer officer, Mr. Reeder served in the 82d Airborne Division both in the 307th Engineer Battalion (ABN) and the 618th Engineer Company (LE) (ABN).

Mr. Reeder holds a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering from the Virginia Military Institute where he graduated with distinction. His civilian accomplishments include awards for service in Desert Shield/Storm, the Defense Intelligence Agency Director's Award for Intelligence, and the Director of Central Intelligence's National Intelligence Medal of Achievement. Key military accomplishments include Honor Graduate of the US Army Ranger School, completion of both Airborne and Jumpmaster Schools, and the award of the Master Parachutist badge. Mr. Reeder's personal interests include commercial wine grape production, horseback riding, boating (canoe and kayak), hiking, farming, and enology.

BOSNIA AND LANDMINES

INTRODUCTION

1.

Landmines have been used extensively by all of the warring factions in the former Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). Mines have been acknowledged by in-country peacekeeping forces as the greatest single threat to UN personnel. Historically, the use of mines and boobytraps in a conflict of extended duration has implications long after the conflict ends, especially impacting the civilian population.

2.

The Yugoslav National Army (JNA) used landmines in a fairly disciplined and controlled manner whereas the other factions have been much less disciplined in their mining practices. Landmines have been used for point, area denial (e.g. airports), nuisance, and random mining. As an example, in the Vukovar, Croatia area alone, the JNA claimed that over 100,000 antipersonnel mines were emplaced by the summer of 1992.

3.

The threat presented by landmines employed in the FRY has been described in a number of publications intended to provide detailed information to senior leaders, planners, warfighters, and developers of doctrine and equipment. The primary source documents

are:

Former Yugoslav Air and Ground Systems Report: Combat Engineer and Logistics (U), DST-1100R-219-92-RPT 6, September 1992, SECRET-WNINTEL

Former Yugoslav Air and Ground Systems Report (U), Supplement 1, DST-1100R-219-93, May 1993, SECRET

ENGINEER CONTINGENCY HANDBOOK (Former Yugoslavia, July 1993,
UNCLASSIFIED

The last source document resulted from a collaborative effort led by the US Army Engineer School with input from the National Ground Intelligence Center, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Technical data on these landmines has also been made available on a number of CD-ROM products.

4.

The current best technical assessment of the total number of landmines in the region follows:

Bosnia
Crotia

Serbia

Totals for FRY

1.7 million mines

2.0 million mines

5 to 1.0 million mines 5.0 to 7.0 million mines

Note:

Numbers ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 million
Bosnia/Herzegovina are assessed to be inflated numbers.

for

LANDMINE USE

1. With the visualization of a threatened breakup of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav government began planning to protect key facilities in the event any transition became violent. One facet of this plan involved the mining of airfields and other government facilities. During the summer of 1991 the Yugoslav National Army. began to implement this plan. Ultimately, at least 70 airfields alone were mined with between 3,000 and 10,000 mines each. The airfields at Sarejevo and Tuzla are examples of minelaying that occured during this period. These minelaying activities were accomplished in a disciplined and controlled manner resulting in patterned, recorded minefields and with extensive demolition emplacements intended to destroy these same facilities when overrun.

2. As control within the FRY became localized and disjointed, the goals behind minelaying activies changed. The individual factions first began to use landmines as a means of controlling access to their respective territory. This is the period in which mines (primarily antitank) became common at bridges, roadblocks, checkpoints, and control points. Initially these mines were only surface-placed and often removed each morning to be re-laid at dusk. Soon traditional antipersonnel (and occasionally antitank) mines and minefields began to be laid extending outward from these small point minefields. These mines were often laid without standard pattern, recording, or marking/fencing.

3. Territorial limits that were initially tentatively established began to change hands. This period in the break-up of the former Republic of Yugoslavia is marked by the use of mines and minefields in a far less controlled manner. Mines began to be used within formerly controlled areas such as villages and commercial and government facilities. Additionally, the use of boobytraps began to escalate as well as become more sophisticated.

4.

Landmines continued to play an important role in the fighting in the former Yugoslavia. Mines were used by all factions to protect military installations and ethnic enclaves from attack. Mines have also been used extensively to block roads leading to these enclaves. These mines served a dual purpose: supplies and reinforcements could not reach the besieged city and refugees were less likely to flee prior to signing of a truce and guarantee of safe passage.

LANDMINES EMPLOYED IN THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA

1. Conventional Mines. The vast majority of the landmines being encountered are conventional antipersonnel and antitank mines which were produced in the former Yugoslavia. A detailed listing of the mines being encountered is attached. Among the antipersonnel mines, those mines most commonly encountered are the PMA-1A, the PMA-2, the PMA-3, the PMR-2A, and the PROM-1. Approximately 75 percent of all buried antipersonnel mines are low-metallic-content, difficult-to-detect landmines. The most common antitank mines are the TMM-1, the TMA-3, the TMA-4, and the TMRP-6.

2. Improvised Fragmentation Mines. Fragmentation mines are currently being produced locally in many areas of Bosnia. These mines can be fabricated out of materials which are readily available, such as pipes and tubing. One typical mine is constructed from a short piece of heavy gauge steel pipe threaded and plugged at both ends. The body is scored to aid fragmentation. The mounting stake connects into the bottom of the mine. A hole is drilled into the top plug so a standard fuze can be used. Mines made of other pipe types with different scoring patterns have also been recovered in other areas of the country.

3. Boobytraps. Any of the former Yugoslav mines can be boobytrapped, and some, like the TMRP-6 antitank mine have secondary fuze wells specifically for this purpose. Additionally, the TMRP-6 fuze, the UTMRP-6, can initiate during removal from the antitank mine. The black powder clearing charge can initiate even when the fuze is in a "safe" condition. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REMOVE THIS FUZE FROM THE MINE.

4.

Special Fuzes. A USE-T Superquick time delay fuze has been recovered within a UNPROFOR sector. The USE-T fuze can be set to detonate from 6 to 9999 minutes. Other fuzes in the series function on vibration, acoustic, inertia, light, thermal, and trip wire (for additional information refer to DST-1100R-219-92-RPT 6, SEP 93, pages 2-15 and IV-71 to IV-73). It is not known if other fuzes from the series have been employed, or if use of the time delay model is wide spread since recovery is impossible when the devices function properly. Compatible for use in both landmines and demolition charges, these fuze assemblies pose special difficulties in clearing/breaching operations since they often mask antihandling/antidisturbance features.

THE DAYTON AGREEMENT

1.

During each of the ceasefire agreements, all warring factions have discussed the need to locate, identify and clear mines. This reflects the extent of the mine problem, which would face any force entering the region and suggests that difficulties will continue during reconstruction after hostilities cease.

2. The negotiations which led to the Dayton Agreement had to deal with many issues including landmines. Two annexes within this agreement address these issues. Annex 1-A (Agreement on the Military Aspects of the Peace Settlement) and Annex 1-B (Agreement on Regional Stabilization) have the following provisions:

Immediately:

о Stop placing any minefields, barriers, obstacles

о Following establishment of the Joint Military Commission each Party shall furnish information regarding all known explosive devices, demolitions, minefields, boobytraps and all other hazards to the safe movement of any personnel within Bosnia and Herzegovina

Within 30 days:

o Remove, dismantle, or destroy all mines, explosive devices, demolitions from the Agreed Cease-Fire Zone of Separation from which their forces are withdrawn

Mark all known mine emplacements, explosive devices and demolitions within Bosnia and Herzegovina

O

Remove, dismantle, or destroy all mines, explosives devices, or demolitions as required by the IFOR Commander

Within 45 days (Phase II):

O The withdrawing Entity will remove or dismantle all mines, obstacles, explosive devices, and demolitions from areas which will be transferred to another Entity

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