Environmental Policy : Objectives, Instruments, and Implementation: Objectives, Instruments, and ImplementationDieter Helm OUP Oxford, 2000 M11 30 - 344 pages The twentieth century witnessed unparalleled economic growth among developed countries, largely based upon the exploitation of fossil fuels, and unparalleled population growth in developing countries. These broad trends in turn did massive damage to the environment. Biodiversity has suffered its biggest reverse since the last great extinctions in geological time, and the burning of fossil fuels has begun to change our climate. But it was only at the end of the century that environmental concerns were transformed from a narrow sectional interest, moving to the centre-stage of government, and on to the main agendas of companies. Once a minority interest, the environment now commands the attention of ministers, chief executives, and consumers in the supermarket. Party manifestos proclaim the greenness of politicians, companies produce environmental reports, and shoppers opt for organic food and avoid genetically modified products. This volume focuses on the practical design of economic instruments for environmental policy. It is divided into three parts: the overarching policy context; the choice of policy instruments; and applications to the main sectors of the economy. |
Contents
1 | |
Sustainable Development and Policy | 29 |
CostBenefit Analysis and Environmental Policy | 48 |
The Economics of Technologybased Environmental Standards | 75 |
Enforcement and Compliance | 91 |
Political Economy of the Kyoto Protocol | 111 |
What are the Options? | 142 |
Environmental and Public Finance Aspects of the Taxation | 172 |
Water Pollution Abstraction and Economic Instruments | 203 |
A UK Perspective | 216 |
Transport and the Environment | 241 |
The UK Landfill | 260 |
Bibliography | 281 |
Index | 313 |
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Environmental Policy: Objectives, Instruments, and Implementation Dieter Helm No preview available - 2000 |
Environmental Policy: Objectives, Instruments, and Implementation Dieter Helm No preview available - 2000 |
Common terms and phrases
abatement costs achieve agreement agricultural Annex I countries appraisal approach assessment assets BATNEEC biodiversity carbon offset carbon tax cent Climate Change CO₂ compliance concept conservation context Contingent Valuation cost-benefit analysis costs and benefits Department DETR distortionary economic instruments ecosystems ecotaxes effects efficiency emissions enforcement Environment Agency environmental damage Environmental Economics environmental impacts environmental policy environmental taxes estimates European example Excise externalities firms fiscal forest fuels gigagrams global greenhouse habitat HMSO implementation incentives increase indicators individual industry issues Kyoto Protocol land landfill tax limits London marginal costs measures ment mitigation Montreal Protocol negotiated offset option Pearce penalties permits pesticides political potential practice problem production protection raised recycling reduce regulation regulatory revenues road scheme sector social sources standards studies sustainable development swaps targets tax rates tion tonne tradable trading transport valuation waste
Popular passages
Page 119 - Nevertheless, the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate.
Page 30 - Development (1987, p.8) defines sustainable development as: . . . development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Page 119 - Convention, recognizing that the return by the end of the present decade to earlier levels of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol would contribute to such modification, and taking into account the differences in these Parties...
Page 128 - Party involved; (b) real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change; and (c) reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the certified project activity.
Page 11 - UK and the world as a whole: - social progress which recognises the needs of everyone; - effective protection of the environment; - prudent use of natural resources: and - maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.
Page 128 - ... the developed country Parties. 4. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in annex II shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.
Page 2 - The transport White Paper, A New Deal for Transport, Better for Everyone...
Page 59 - Among alternative approaches to any given regulatory objective, the alternative involving the least net cost to society shall be chosen; and (e) Agencies shall set regulatory priorities with the aim of maximizing the aggregate net benefits to society...
Page 117 - Emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide. These increases will enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.
Page 124 - US House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee on National Economic Growth, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs Tuesday, May 2, 1995 2154 Raybum 2:00 pm on Mr.