The men use the reservation as their home and find work elsewhere. The children go to the city public schools at Tuolumne. Miss Ada Graham, who is the superintendent of the Tuolumne public schools, told me that the 18 children attending the schools were good scholars, clean and bright, and that they had no trouble with them whatever. The Government pays 15 cents a day for the tuition of each child.

Miss Tebbetts took me over the rancheria and pointed out a number of improvements which she desired to have made, but I told her they should be recommended by Mr. Schafer, who has supervision over those Indians. However, I think it will be well for the Los Angeles office of the irrigation section to detail one of the staff to go over the Tuolumne rancheria and study the possibilities of extending the irrigation system. It struck me while I was on this tract that it was not used to anywhere near its full capacity. I believe that if stronger efforts were made more Indians could be led to live on the reservation, and this would obviate the necessity of purchasing more land in that section for landless Indians.

The Fort Bidwell Agency has charge of all the Indians in Modoc County, which lies in the northeastern corner of California. There are slightly over 200 Paiute and about 500 Pit River Indians in this county, about one-third of whom have been allotted 160 acres each. The Warner Range, which extends along the eastern side of the county, divides the Paiutes from the Pit Rivers, the Paiutes living on the east side and the Pit Rivers on the west. These two groups of Indians have long been enemies and even to-day it is difficult to keep the children of both tribes in one school because of the feud between the tribes.

The Indians were allotted under the act of 1887; most of them received allotments in 1894 to 1896, and nearly all the trust patents are dated 1907. There are about 2,500 acres of land located at the head of Surprise Valley, about 4 or 5 miles northeast of Fort Bidwell, which some day may be irrigated from Cowhead Lake near the northern line of California, a project which has been under consideration for some years. This tract of 2,500 acres is allotted to about 15 Paiute Indians. The other Paiutes were given mountain and rimrock land used only for the roughest of grazing and then only where a group of contiguous allotments make a practical grazing unit. Most of it is leased to cattlemen at 8 cents an acre. There are about 90 allotments in this section, and probably a third of them belong to the heirs of the original allottees.

It will be seen then, that but a small part of the Paiute Indians received allotments of agricultural land. It is believed that if the allotments could be rearranged in such a manner as to give each allottee a part of the 2,500 acres of agricultural land at the head of Surprise Valley all of the Paiutes would receive sufficient farm land for individual use.

There is a small group of allotments on the east slope of the Warner Range, 3 or 4 miles from Cedarville, Modoc County. This land is all mountainous. Farther south, about 6 miles, is another small group, and still another on the foothills 2 miles from Eagle. In all there are about 110 allotments of 160 acres each.

West of the Warner Range the allotments made to Pit River Indians are in six main groups; at Day and Lookout, in the South

western corner of the county, near Aden and Likely, in the south, and near Camby and Alturas, in the center-in all about 200 allotments. There are about 60 scattered allotments in addition to these groups. A large number of the Indians do not know where their allotments are. Some of the Pit River Indians told me their tribe had a just claim against the United States under an old treaty or agreement and that they were planning to send a delegation to Washington to get authority from Congress to take their case to the United States Court of Claims.

Approximately 20,000 acres of the Pit River allotments are leased for sheep and cattle grazing at prices that range from 5 to 15 cents an acre. Some fortunate Indian is drawing down an annual income of $24.80 from his landed estate of 160 acres; his less fortunate neighbors are only getting from $8 to $16 a year for each quarter section. The most valuable allotments are those which adjoin each other and form grazing units. Based on their annual rentals, the value of such allotments would be about $400 each.

Some of these allotments are so thickly covered with bowlders and rocks that it is possible to walk over acres without setting foot But few of the Indians live on their allotments because they are toc far away from their work, because they have no water and no water can be brought to them, and because no man, white or Indian, can make a living on only 160 acres of such land.

The Pit River Indians work as laborers on ranches, cutting wood, doing odd jobs about town, and working as section men on the railroads. The Paiute Indians do more ranch labor and riding. They do not go into the woods or towns as the Pit River Indians do. Ail water for irrigation in the county was appropriated long ago, but it is believed that small tracts of irrigated land can be secured in the neighborhood of Likely. If the Pit River allotments could be sold to cattlemen, and the proceeds used to buy a few acres of irrigated land for each allottee, the problem presented by the Pit River Indians would be solved.

I therefore recommend that a survey of this situation be made by the irrigation section and also of the land conditions east of the Warner Range, so that the worthless allotments given the Paiute and Pit River Indians may be exchanged for small tracts of land which would provide the Indians with sites having water for domestic and irrigation purposes.

In Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, and Tehama Counties, in the northern part of California, there are Indians under the Greenville Agency who, like some of those in the Hoopa Valley jurisdiction, have timber allotments the stumpage of which, figured on going prices, is of considerable value; yet these Indians are poor. The timber allotments of the Indians in the Greenville jurisdiction are remote from the only sawmill in that section, that of the Red River Lumber Co., which owns about 800,000 acres of land and has its mill at Westwood, in Lassen County, north of Greenville. This company is the only likely purchaser of the Indian timber.

Lying in the woods owned by this company are meadows, many of which have water and small areas of farm lands, which the Indians want because they can farm them now. When I was in that country two years ago I talked over this condition with the officials of the

lumber company and found they were strongly inclined to help the Indians. I do not think the company would pay for Indian stumpage remote from logging operation what they might give for timber within convenient reach of their logging roads, but I am of the opinion that the company will be willing to exchange the meadows and farm lands for the Indians' timber allotments.

It seems to me if an arrangement for such an exchange can be made it should be effected even though the Indians might have to sacrifice future value for spot cash or its equivalent. It seems to me that to such Indians $1 to-day is worth much more than $10 would be to the grandchildren who will inherit the allotments, for unquestionably many timber allotments will not come within the range of logging operation for a generation. At Hoopa and at Greenville I was told that some of these timber allotments belong to old and dependent Indians, who are in sore need.

I therefore beg to suggest that the Indian Office take up this matter with a view of exchanging timber allotments, which to-day are of absolutely no value to the allottees, for small tracts of agricultural land, even though it might be necessary to make the exchange at an apparent sacrifice.

The rancheria Indians, under the supervision of the Round Valley Agency, living in Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma Counties in northwestern California, have organized themselves into an association under the name of the Society of Northern California Indians. This organization was effected under the guidance of Rev. Father Raymond, O. M. Cap. of St. Marys Church, Ukiah. Ordinarily ant association of Indians would cause but little comment, but the coming together of these rancheria Indians, with the set purpose of forming an organization of any kind, is significant and interesting. A few years ago it would have been impossible to unite these rancherias into an organization. The fact that the Society of Northern California Indians is a going association is evidence of the progress the Indians of this section of California are making.

I sat in a conference in Ukiah, called by this association, at which representatives of 14 rancherias were present, and I learned that the purpose of the society is to promote the advancement of and to secure a peaceful and prosperous existence for these Indians; to obtain and publish a history of their people; to establish a legal department to advise the Indians, and to suggest and obtain remedies for unsatisfactory conditions; to work together for more and better schools for their children and to arrange for lectures on agriculture, stock raising, domestic science, etc. Only a few years ago these Indians would have plead for food and clothing, for protection from white people, and, in a few instances, for some work animals, and perhaps a wagon or so.

These are nonreservation Indians-Pomos, Concows, Noyos, Sansels, Ukies, Wylackies, and Nomelackies-who, with some exceptions, live on tracts of land owned by the Government. Formerly they were squatting on other men's lands and subject to eviction at any time, living a hand-to-mouth existence under the most miserable conditions. The Government, by placing them on land bought for the purpose, gave them the assurance of permanent occupancy, and from that time these Indians began to improve in every way.

Naturally their needs have increased with their progress toward civilization, and to-day they want to be more like white, men; they want to have more land to cultivate; they want water piped to their little cabins; they want more creature comforts; they want better living conditions; they want their children to have more and better school facilities; and they want to learn more of the white man's methods of agriculture, of stock raising, and housekeeping.

At this conference I called on representatives from each rancheria to tell me what they wanted and why. The following is a brief summary of what they told me:

Hopland rancheria-Population, about 97; are more or less satisfied, but need $1,500 to complete their water system.

Ukiah.-Population, about 25; all fairly well satisfied, but are in sore need of wood; would like the Government to buy some land adjoining the rancheria, which is only good for pasture and wood.

Pinoliville rancheria.-Population 160; about 99 acres of useless land; need 200 acres of farm land; have neither farming imple

ments nor teams.

Coyote rancheria.-Population 24; 100 acres of land useless for farming; want 100 acres of good farm land, implements, and teams. Sherwood rancheria.-Population about 67; 229 acres of land, mostly hills, of little use for farming, no water in summer; would like to trade this land for 200 acres west of Willits along the railroad tracks; no farming implements or teams.

Laytonville rancheria.-Population about 55; 205 acres of good woodland but no farming land; no implements or teams; want a good school; would like to get 100 acres of better land adjoining rancheria.

Potter Valley rancheria.-Population 76; 29 acres, no water; would like to get adjoining ranch of 250 acres; no implements or teams; need a school.

Manchester rancheria.-Population about 65: not sufficient land; would like to get adjoining ranch of 100 acres; no implements or

teams.

Upper Lake rancheria.-Population about 130; 200 acres, mostly hilly lands, every foot of which is farmed: need 150 acres more, also farming implements and teams: would like to pipe water from reservoir to home; would like a bridge over Middle Creek; want a new school.

Robinson Creek rancheria.-Population about 125; 100 acres of poor farming land with no wood; would like to have 200 acres next to rancheria, implements, teams, and a school.

Lower Lake, Scotts Valley rancheria.-Population about 100; 50 acres of good woodland of poor farming soil; insufficient water; need 200 acres of farming land; have nothing in the way of imple

ments or teams.

Stewarts Point rancheria.-Population about 35 Indians, who have very little land and no implements; in fact little of anything. I present the above with the suggestion that the Indian Office make a special survey of these rancheria Indians, for they are showing every evidence that they have come up out of the hopelessne ́s, indifference, and abject poverty which held them down for so many years. I am well aware that these Indians are asking for more than the

Government can supply, but I am of the opinion that some practical help, given to-day, will go a long way toward hastening the day when they will be self-supporting citizens of the Nation and State. Respectfully submitted.

MALCOLM MCDOWELL,

Member, Board of Indian Commissioners.

Hon. GEORGE VAUX, Jr.,

Chairman, Board of Indian Commissioners.

APPENDIX H.

REPORT ON THE HOOPA VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION, CALIF., BY MALCOLM MCDOWELL.

HOOPA, CALIF., October 8, 1919.

SIR: The Hoopa Valley Reservation and Agency which, pursuant to authorization and request, I visited October 3 last, lies in the northwestern corner of California, about 300 miles north of San Francisco. The reservation proper has an area approximately of 114,000 acres of Indian land, most of which is rough, mountainous country, and an Indian population of nearly 1,500, representing eight tribes speaking four languages. In addition to the Indians within the reservation there are, it is estimated, 500 nonreservation Indians in Del Norte and Humboldt Counties. This number, 500, is an estimate which it is believed is under rather than over the actual number. No one knows how many "landless " or nonreservation Indians there are in California, for so many of them live in places practically inaccessible and move from place to place so often that the taking of an accurate census would require more men, time, and money than has ever been used for the purpose by the United States Census Bureau, the Indian Office, or the State of California.

The Indians of the Hoopa Valley jurisdiction spring from the Hunsatung, Nuskut, Sermalton, Tishtanatan, Hupa, Klamath River, Saiaz, and Redwood tribes. They are remnants of some of the tribes which, in years gone, roamed over northern California and southern Oregon, and because they forcibly resisted the aggressions and cruelties of the white men who rushed across the plains in 1849, they were rounded up" in 1864 and placed under military control on four townships in Humboldt County.

66

This was the original Hoopa Valley Reservation. But in 1855, nine years previous, the Government had established what was known as the "Klamath River Reservation," which was originally 2 miles wide and 20 miles in length from the mouth of the Klamath River, which empties into the Pacific Ocean. This strip of land lying on both sides the Klamath River is heavily timbered with redwood. In 1893 the Government made allotments of 9,000 acres to 161 Indians within this strip. Thereupon the strip was thrown open to settlers, and it is an interesting fact that the best redwood land lay outside the Indian allotments. Some $25,000 was realized from the sale of this surplus land.

Two years before the Klamath River Reservation was thrown open, that is to say, in 1891, another strip of land 2 miles wide, lying on both sides of the Klamath River and 25 miles in length from the southern boundary of the Klamath River Reservation to the northern