scholarships in Idaho. However, the Idaho State Library Board last month voted to establish two scholarships for the coming year. The provisions in S. 580, title III would help accelerate all training pro

grams.

INTERSTATE COOPERATION

Perhaps a word should be said about the nationwide need for cooperation among the States in the field of library service which is further justification for Federal assistance. In a State like Idaho, no library has all the books which it needs. Last year 30 of our libraries more than one-third of the total-spent less than $200 each for books.

The local libraries write to us at the State Library for additional books to meet the requests of their patrons for serious reading. When we do not have them, we write to the Pacific Northwest Bibliographic Center in Seattle, which borrows them from another library in the Northwest and sends the material to us without charge. Idahoans in the north of the State also go directly to the Spokane, Wash., Public Library for many items, and those in the south sometimes go to Salt Lake City. We in Idaho receive many more book loans than we give. But there is a limit to which this needed service beyond our taxing boundaries can be carried by the lending libraries. Federal aid to larger libraries will thus help smaller ones, even in other States.

In conclusion, I should like to add that 2 weeks ago State librarians and trustees from 14 Western States from Texas to Alaska met in Idaho to consider together our present library program and to plan for the future. One result of this meeting was a resolution in support of the portions of the National Education Improvement Act dealing with public libraries. The resolution was sent to the chairman of the Senate Education Subcommittee on May 28.

In view of the reasons presented in this testimony, we urge the favorable consideration of S. 580 by this committee because it will take us a long way in solving the educational deficiencies of the Nation.

Mr. Chairman, I appreciate this opportunity to appear before you on behalf of the public library provisions of the National Education Improvement Act.

Senator BURDICK. Thank you for a very excellent statement.

Miss Miller, I would like to call you a world librarian. I find, for example, that you were a past president of the Missouri Library Association in your own home State of Missouri and that you were library consultant for the West Virginia Library Commission and presently you are State librarian for Idaho, that you were an Air Force librarian in Germany and England.

Miss MILLER. Yes, sir.

Senator BURDICK. I compliment you for a wide range of activities. I just want to ask one or two questions.

OBSOLETE CARNEGIE BUILDINGS

In your prepared statement, is it your contention that the old Carnegie buildings are now very obsolete?

Miss MILLER. They are in Idaho and they were in Missouri and

I think they are nationwide.

Senator BURDICK. And that they are out of step with the times. Miss MILLER. Yes, they are. So many people all the way across the country still believe that Carnegie gave money to support the library as well as the original building. That, of course, is not true, but we have to combat that misunderstanding all the time. In Idaho, we have about nine Carnegie buildings, and of those, one of them in Boise had an addition made to it in 1916 and has had no additional extension since that time. One, Pocatello, is one of the new buildings that I mentioned.

They had a new building last year and are out of their Carnegie building now. But most of their Carnegie buildings are standing there with very little change since they were built in the early part of the century.

Senator BURDICK. And they are inadequate to meet the expanding needs?

Miss MILLER. Very inadequate. They have had to add book stacks where they had reading rooms before. They have had to move into the coal room for book storage and things like that.

They just do not have enough space for people now.

Senator BURDICK. Would you think this lack of function is like the university with regard to the old Carnegie building?

Miss MILLER. Yes; the old Carnegie building had a pattern of 20 steps in the front, at least 20 steps. Now, since there are older people, it is difficult to get older people to go to the library. The newer libraries are ground level.

Senator BURDICK. You know, you are correct. We had the steps in Fargo, too.

Thank you very much.

The CHAIRMAN (Senator Lister Hill presiding). Anything else anybody would like to add?

Mr. GREENAWAY. I would like to add, Senator Hill, it is good to see you again. I recall meeting you at Miami Beach at the American Library Association meeting in 1956.

I think the association welcomed you as an honorary member at that time.

The CHAIRMAN. Sir, I am glad to be here in time to see you and express my pleasure at seeing you. I see Miss Krettek every once in a while but I certainly am glad to see all of you this morning.

We are honored to have you all here. I assure you, I shall read your testimony with interest.

Thank you very much.

Now, Dr. Pratt, would you come around, sir?

I believe you have Mr. Greenberg with you.

STATEMENT OF GEORGE T. PRATT, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION, COUNCIL ON EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND PRESIDENT, THE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF

The CHAIRMAN. We are glad to have you gentlemen with us this morning. Dr. PRATT. Thank you, Senator Hill.

INCREASED STUDENT USE OF LIBRARIES

Senator BURDICK. Years ago, when I was majoring in football and minoring in law, the law school libraries were open evenings and we made good use of those, of college libraries, in those days. Have things changed?

Mr. GREENAWAY. I think things have changed considerably, not only in colleges but in high schools. In fact, you will find teachers instructing their pupils to leave their books outside the library doors and use other books and materials, even excluding reference materials, so they will have a broad scope of the materials available to them in studies and certain subject areas.

Reliance on textbooks, I think, is becoming less and less in many areas and this calls for tremendous collections, because not only do the high school libraries need materials which will take care of immediate needs, but the public libraries have found that they must also have multiple copies, in many instances, of titles, where previously they only had one or two copies.

This has put a tremendous strain on public libraries. We are all glad that people are using books and that education is progressing, but we do need some help to meet this challenge.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CROSS-CHECKER

Senator BURDICK. I understand you have some bibliographical cross-check that you use in Philadelphia?

Mr. GREENAWAY. In Philadelphia; yes, sir. We have in the Union Library Catalog a main entry card, if I may use our professional terminology, for each title held in the academic, public, industrial, and business libraries, special libraries, in the Metropolitan Philadelphia area. This has been so valuable that we are now extending it to include libraries in Pennsylvania as far west as Pittsburgh.

This is helping us tremendously in development of our plan in Pennsylvania to make available for quick access of unusual and unique materials.

Senator BURDICK. It makes for quick access to unique materials, but does it also prevent some duplication of some, let us say, expensive technical material?

Mr. GREENAWAY. This is correct. In our library, for example, we never buy anything in the field of rare books, of expensive scientific or technical materials and foreign-language publications, also, before checking with the Union Library Catalog to see where the book is and the terms of use that that library may have for it.

This has saved us in the free library in Philadelphia literally thousands of dollars over the years.

Sonator BURDICK. I can say I heartily approve of a system like that, because I believe you could save thousands of dollars.

Mr. GREEN AWAY. It is wonderful. It is an expensive system to maintain and, unfortunately, there are not too many of them in the country. There is one in the far Northwest, one in Denver, and possibly one other here in Washington, at the Library of Congress.

Sonator BURDICK, I would think that would be very essential in a

good colleges and universities. Of course, we have but two public libraries. I am not sure we have this cross-check system. I shall find out when I return home.

Mr. GREENAWAY. We are hoping that with the application of new methods and the invention of new equipment, some of these Union catalogs may eventually be put in book form so that we can have a wider distribution which will help many a community and a State, such as you have already mentioned for North Dakota, to have quick

access.

Now, the Library of Congress is getting much of this material in book form, but we need more copies and more of this done on a regional basis, in my opinion.

STATE OF OREGON PROGRESS REPORT

Senator BURDICK. At this point in the record, without objection, I would like to include a progress report from the State of Oregon relating to the matters we have been discussing. (The document referred to follows:)

OREGON

PROGRESS UNDER THE PRESENT LSA

More than 290,000 rural residents of 12 counties in Oregon have received new or improved public library services under the Library Services Act. Residents in many sections of the State have had bookmobile demonstrations and have voted on the question of establishing permanent county-supported library service. The Central Oregon Regional Library was formed by Deschutes and Crook Counties to improve and extend services. Currently the eastern Oregon library demonstration is providing bookmobile and other services to Baker, Union, and Wallowa Counties.

A significant study has been completed and published, "Public Libraries in Oregon," which will materially assist citizens, librarians, library trustees, city, county, and State officials to assess the current status of libraries. This document also gives recommendations for improving library services and stresses the importance of developing library systems.

To help meet the critical shortage of trained librarians, two scholarship awards were made in fiscal year 1963 and three have been granted for fiscal year 1964.

Workshops have been held for the purpose of developing State standards for public libraries.

The State reports that no public library system in Oregon meets ALA minimum standards. Of 9 counties with over 50,000 population, 5 do not have county service. Lack of qualified librarians leaves little leadership in many areas. Of 181 public libraries in Oregon, excluding Multnomah County, only 18 have a professional librarian in charge.

The study, "Public Libraries in Oregon," reports one-fourth of the population without service and says of small libraries, [they are] "usually staffed with untrained personnel, housed in inadequate quarters and lacking essential materials ** Book collections in libraries of all sizes are often shabby and outdated *** The selection is limited, the books in poor condition, and basis for selection is often substandard ***. Many buildings are badly worn and obsolete, with necessary equipment lacking. There is a critical lack of trained personnel in charge of libraries and of inservice training for those now employed."

THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1963 (H.R. 3000 AND S. 580)

The American Library Association, a nonprofit organization with more than 25,000 professional and lay members, endorses the National Education Improvement Act and specifically those provisions which will assist and stimulate the development of libraries and the training of librarians.

MAJOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PROVISIONS

Title II, part D

This would authorize grants to public or nonprofit private institutions of higher education to assist them in the acquisition for library purposes of books (not including textbooks), periodicals, documents, and related library materials, and in the construction and equipment of library facilities.

Library materials.-Annual authorization of $15 million for fiscal 1964, and such sums as Congress determines for each of the 2 succeeding years. Commissioner of Education would make grants to an institution of higher education upon application therefor, in amounts not exceeding 25 percent of the institution's expenditures for library materials during fiscal 1963, nor less than $1,000 for 2year institutions, $2,500 for bachelor degree-granting institutions, and $5,000 for bachelor and advanced degree-granting institutions. Recipient institutions required to increase their expenditures from their own funds for all library purposes over their fiscal 1963 expenditures by an amount at least equal to the Federal agent, one-half of the increases to be in expenditures for library materials. Construction and equipment of library facilities.—Annual authorization of $25 million for fiscal 1964 and such sums as Congress determines for each of the next succeeding 2 years. Commissioner would make grants in accordance with priority regulations which give preference to institutions whose lack of adequate facilities is seriously impeding needed improvement in educational quality, and to institutions which require more facilites to service recent or contemplated expanded enrollments. A grant could not exceed 50 percent of the cost of construction of any project; grants for construction projects in any one State in any year could not exceed 12% percent of that year's appropriation.

Justifications

1. Courses in institutions of higher education increasingly emphasize independent study and research which require the use of ever-increasing quantities of library resources.

2. Continuing growth in enrollment which has increased from 2.2 million in the fall of 1950 to 3.6 million in 1960, and is predicted to reach more than 7 million by 1970.

3. In 4-year institutions, 52 percent of all libraries are below standards with less than 50.000 volumes in their collections.

4. In 2-year institutions, 86 percent of all libraries are below standards with less than 20,000 volumes in their collections. Some new junior colleges have no libraries at all.

5. According to a recent survey in each State, of some 2,000 academic institutions, less than 100 have really adequate library buildings.

Title VI, part o

MAJOR PUBLIC LIBRARY PROVISIONS

This would amend the Library Services Act (Public Law 84-597) to expand its coverage to nonrural areas and to include provisions for construction of public