cultural and industrial growth, the public library as part of its educational resources must be greatly improved through a stronger statewide system of libraries. We find that more and more industries are turning to their local libraries, and through them to the State library, for vital technical data. So are individuals seeking help with school courses and for personal beyond-school education. For example, New Hampshire industry produces about 80 percent of all the miniature ball bearings, so essential to missile manufacture, made in this country. One plant is in a town of 2,500 and another in a small city of 16,000. The latter is the largest bearing-producer in the country and possibly the world. It is important that these two businesses and their employees have the very best technical information which unfortunately small city libraries cannot provide by themselves. The New Hampshire State library has a well-established central reference and interlibrary loan service, one of the few in the country, through which necessary technical journals are secured by the ball bearing and other industries. This works well for the man at the top who knows what is needed. But the man coming up the ladder needs, close at hand, the professional services of a librarian who can help him find information to learn more about his job. This problem is also acute for the man who works in the city and lives in a suburb which often finds it difficult to support adequately all essential library services. This is where with the help of the proposals in S. 580 our New Hampshire statewide plan will reach out to such patrons with greatly improved service in all our city and large town libraries. Much industry throughout the country is decentralizing, and large employers are building new plants in our small cities and towns, throwing a burden on the local library for technical publications to say nothing of the cultural materials sought by new families brought by these branch plants. Specifically, the extension of Federal library aid to nonrural public libraries as outlined in title VI, part C of S. 580 would be of great benefit to the people of such communities. It removes the population limitation of 10,000 and increases the authorization from $7.5 million to $25 million annually. States have various plans for improvement of library service to all their people. In small States a statewide cooperative system may be used while in larger States regional libraries, which tie all of the communities of a given area together, are developing. Resource centers, cooperative cataloging and joint provision of materials and services are significant factors in the various State plans. Cooperation across State borders is another area of libary development. We are proud in Vermont and New Hampshire that by using some Federal funds we could discard two required library publications of mediocre quality and replace them with one excellent joint publication, “North Country Libraries." We have another good example of library cooperation in the fact that Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont decided to buy films jointly using Federal and State money. Aiming to stimulate reading and encourage learning, the three States now jointly own some 300 films which they would not have felt justified in buying by themselves. Federal support will be invaluable in still another area-that of the pressing problem of construction or remodeling of library buildings. A survey of libraries in New Hampshire by the department of government of the University of New Hampshire stated in its conclusion, "library buildings are old, overcrowded and poorly equipped. *** Many of these structures are ill suited to modern library service. Others badly need repair and modernization. Heating and sanitary facilities, as well as work space, are frequently inadequate." In the fast-growing areas adjacent to the busy Portsmouth Navy Yard or bordering industrial Massachusetts, communities have major building problems. But there are also others in our northern areas that are equally serious. Groveton, for example, in a northern papermaking town, has no room whatever for students to study, the building is so cramped. Here, books are piled on the floor, heat is by a potbellied stove, and service is critically handicapped, since the librarian has no place in which to help students because of the masses of books coming in and going out each day. Groveton wants and needs a new building. Every State has Carnegie or similar buildings erected early in the 1900's. These need replacement or remodeling. Where no separate buildings exist, there should be encouragement toward planning and building. The matching funds ww of $20 million annually proposed in S. 580 would materially assist in these situations. To summarize, title VI, part C of S. 580 offers opportunity for much needed assistance for both public library services and buildings. However, I should like to suggest at this point one minor amendment. As one of the State librarians responsible for administering State plans under the Library Services Act, I believe that the language in section 644 and elsewhere regarding "students of all ages" may imply that public libraries are expected to assume functions which are distinctly those of school libraries. Therefore, I should like to submit for the record proposed language changes aimed at avoiding this possible misinterpretation (appendix A). I should like to refer briefly also to another title of S. 580, "Libraries Are For People," and people everywhere need well-organized book collections, but there must be competent librarians also if the full benefit of library resources is to be realized. It is hoped the committee will, for this additional reason, look with favor on title III, parts A and C, which will help provide an adequate supply of professional librarians, and offer to those now working, "refreshers" in modern library methods. It is essential that there be sufficient persons with modern training who can provide true leadership toward adequate library service for everyone. May I say in conclusion, how much I appreciate your kindness in listening to my remarks? I hope I have conveyed my enthusiasm over the prospects of further library expansion and I welcome this opportunity to outline to you my convictions that improved libraries are essential to the educational progress of our Nation. In New Hampshire, where tax dollars at the State level are exceedingly tight, the impact of money which can be applied to a statewide system of library service would, as the original Library Services Act did for places of 10,000 or less, provide the necessary "extra" which will help produce maximum results. On behalf of our citizens and with the interest and enthusiasm of our librarians, I urge you to recommend passage of this valuable section (title VI, part C) of the National Education Improvement Act of 1963. Thank you. APPENDIX A PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO TITLE VI, PART C OF S. 580, THE NATIONAL EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1963, RELATING TO PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES AND CONSTRUC TION Amend title VI, part C, title I, section 644 as follows: Delete all that follows the words "after the" on line 18 and substitute the following: "word ‘advantage' and adding the following: ‘and will give consideration to the educational needs of people of all ages, including students.'" Amend title VI, part C, title II, section 203(a) (2) as follows: On line 17 strike out the word "particular"; strike out all that appears after "consideration to" and insert in lieu thereof the following: "the educational needs of people of all ages." Senator BURDICK. Miss Krettek, I would like to thank you for a very fine statement. I notice, however, that you have failed to complete the identification of Mrs. McKay. I find that she is a past president of the American Association of State Libraries, a member of New Hampshire's Governor's Commission, Archives and Records Management, since 1959; she has been awarded an honorary degree by Wheaton College in 1961; and in 1959, the University of New Hampshire cited Mrs. McKay as a force for better library facilities in every town and village in the State. I wish to congratulate her upon her accomplishments. PROBLEMS OF SMALL BUSINESS Senator BURDICK. I notice in your statement you say it has been demonstrated frequently that really good library service cannot be attained by libraries in towns with population under 100,000 without cutside assistance. You cite as your authority a report by the Social Science Research Council. In a nutshell, why do these communities fail to meet these obligations? Miss KRETTEK. In order to give really good library service, libraries must have access to a great deal of material. They must have periodicals, technical and other materials which a very small library with a limited budget cannot provide. In addition, a very small library cannot have trained personnel in order to give all the very extensive reference service that is needed in order to get this material to all of the people. Standards have been developed carefully, which have indicated that in order to give really good library service the tax resources of a population of 100,000 are necessary. Now, this can be done through cooperative arrangements, through development of systems of libraries where small communities are able to have access to the resources of libraries in large areas. Mr. Greenaway in his testimony, I am sure, will be able to cover this in more detail as well. It is a very excellent point and I think needs to be emphasized. Senator BURDICK. As far as providing for a technical library, the difficulties are even greater in communities under 100,000, are they not? Miss KRETTEK. Very definitely so. This is the point I'd like to stress that you have to have the resources that would be available only in a large library in order to be able to give really good library service. The people who live in rural areas and small towns have the same need for good library services as those in large cities, but they do not have the same resources available within their own local communities, so they must be able to get these resources through some cooperative arrangement with the large libraries where these resources are available. Senator BURDICK. Thank you. PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN OREGON At this point I would like to read into the record a statement from the public libraries in Oregon, in the same area we have been discussing. In 1961, the public libraries of Oregon expended $10 million. This was at least $1,750,000 less than required for the maintenance of reasonable service. The libraries are probably deficient by at least $7 million worth in book collections and audiovisual collections. This estimate does not include buildings or strictly capital assets. Neither does the estimate include the cost of bringing libraries to populations now without library service. So this seems to be in support of this contention of yours. The next witness, Mr. Greenaway. STATEMENT OF EMERSON GREENAWAY, DIRECTOR, FREE Mr. GREENAWAY. Thank you. Mr. Chairman, my name is Emerson Greenaway. I am director of the Free Library of Philadelphia, Pa., that city's public library. I am an active member and former president of the American Library Association and currently serve on the Governor's Advisory Council on Library Development of the State of Pennsylvania, a predominantly lay body. BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR LIBRARIES In 1960 I appeared before the national platform committees of both parties and I am gratified that each party pledged its support to the improvement, expansion and strengthening of libraries. This was the first time that libraries were ever recognized in a political platform. My purpose today is to urge the passage of S. 580, the National Education Improvement Act, because it is of vital importance to the progress of our Nation. At its 1963 midwinter meeting, the American Library Association, through its council, officially endorsed this comprehensive proposal to face the challenge of meeting many of our educational needs. It seems wise and logical to use a broad plan to attempt to solve these educational problems, which are so greatly intertwined. We are gratified that the role of libraries in buttressing education has been recognized and provided for in S. 580. Adequate libraries are indispensable factors in the improvement of education, in the advance of science, technology and business, and in other activities. Libraries must be strengthened in a coordinated manner as regards services, personnel, and buildings, because deficiencies in any one type of library, public, school or college, hamper the successful operation of the others. At a previous hearing of this committee, witnesses testified on the needs of libraries in the institutions of higher education, in schools, and on the distressing shortage of trained library personnel. CURRENT PLIGHT OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES This morning, I wish to testify on the current plight of public hbraries. I shall stress especially the metropolitan libraries which are fast with the diflicult problem of giving increased and higher quality a vices not only to their own citizens but also to large numbers of students and other persons living outside the normal taxing area of This city. Some even reside in other counties or States. Only this last spring, we did a spot analysis of people coming into The free library one Sunday between the hours of 2 and 6 and found approximately 80 percent of the people using that library that day w in from outside of Philadelphia, just better than 10 percent unting from States other than Pennsylvania. Yumorous factors are involved in this situation, but population is know, population has grown rapidly, has clustered around metropolitan areas, and has become exceedingly mobile. IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON LIBRARIES According to the 1960 census data, 212 standard metropolitan statistical areas now exist with 112 million people, almost 63 percent of the total population. It should be noted, however, that in these areas, the number of residents in the central cities themselves increased by 9 percent during the 10-year period but the population of the metropolitan areas as a whole gained 48 percent. These figures are a clear indication of the sprawling suburbs, towns and smaller fringe cities. Another fact to be reckoned with is the present-day mobility of these growing populations. As a result of improved highways, expressways, and the movement toward rapid mass transportation, people can travel about in these metropolitan areas and also frequently change their dwelling places, with no regard to boundary or taxing lines. Furthermore, the population is increasing in educational and training attainments so that the resident in a suburb or other fringe area has the same needs for library resources as does the dweller in the central city. It is evident that population has had and will continue to have an important effect upon public libraries. The metropolitan library by 1980 will serve about 70 percent of the population of the entire country. As this type of library will be the core of these population centers, it will follow that they will be depended upon for service by those living in the peripheral area. The small communities will never have all the major resources, because the political boundaries and the taxing areas are unlikely to support a library containing equivalent resources as found in the large metropolitan library. Indeed, it would be wasteful if this were attempted. We need, therefore, to develop systems or networks of cooperating libraries, supported by a larger tax base, to give those living in both suburban and rural areas, service from the metropolitan library. TITLE VI, PART C To assist in partly solving these problems, S. 580 has several proposals. In title VI, part C, you have before you a legislative proposal which builds on the Library Services Act of 1956 (Public Law 84-597), successful in the eyes of the Congress and highly benefiical to persons living in places with populations of 10,000 or less. Further improvement and extension of library services, however, will require the strengthening and use of all public libraries regardless of size. This bill, S. 580, proposes to eliminate the 10,000 population restriction and to make all libraries eligible for assistance. It proposes also to increase the annual authorization from $7.5 to $25 million in fiscal 1964 and such sums as the Congress may determine in the succeeding years. A few words are in order regarding how this amount of $25 million stacks up against the actual needs. According to reports from the 50 States agencies, the amount spent for public library operational purposes was about $285 million in 1961. To meet even the minimum standards of the American Library Association, and these are all based on actual library costs rather than "pie in the sky," public |