There is

Family contacts with other agencies: 7 of the 10 members' families have had at least one contact with a social agency, including Catholic charities, juvenile court, Seattle public schools, King County Welfare, Family Society and Housing Authority. Average number of contacts per family was 3.2. Family status: Children in the family number from two to seven. one parent separation and two families have had two divorces each. 1. B. A.: 16 years of age; generally quiet; contributes to club meetings when called upon. Eleventh grade, with interest in school (Garfield), but difficulty in mathematics (algebra). One other child in family, 18-year-old sister, who has had school and court contact.

2. A. A.: 16 years of age; had court contact at early age. Serves as secretary of club; participates freely. Has developed an interest in school (Garfield); has difficulty in algebra and English composition. Parents separated with numerous agency contacts. One brother and a sister. Known to juvenile court May 1957 for injurious living.

3. B. C. About 16; Garfield; very quiet. Participates in meetings only when called upon. Seems to agree with all of the club's decisions. Attends all activities, but is mainly a spectator.

4. R. C.: 17 years of age. Senior at Lincoln. Does well in school. Contributes to club meetings and despite ribbing of group attempts to dance at social affairs. Perhaps most mature of the group. Attempts to be part of group even to point of occasional swearing.

5. D. D.: 15 years of age. Sophomore at Garfield. Enjoys school for its social opportunities. Participates in all meetings; is inclined to joke throughout a given meeting. Appears to be afraid of father. Has six brothers and sisters, with a family welfare contact.

6. B. G.: 17 years of age. Junior at Roosevelt. Likes school. Family composed of four brothers and sisters. Family contacts with welfare, juvenile court and schools. Attends meetings spasmodically. Generally quiet; responds to questions with a smile and nonsense.

7. L. M.: 16 years of age. Garfield sophomore or junior. Enjoys school. Family on welfare (ADC), five brothers and sisters. At times religious beliefs cause conflict in club activities: i.e., dancing is taboo, although he has attended socials and danced. Was voted out of club when he refused to sell tickets for club's public dance. Has now returned. Participates in discussions; has good ideas.

8. M. O.: About 16 years of age; Garfield; dislikes school. Has a brother and three sisters (only one younger). Plays trumpet and tried out for football. Participates in club meetings occasionally. Enjoys pool; inclined to be the one who disagrees with club decisions.

9. V. O. About 17 years of age; Garfield junior; likes school. Has brother at Franklin. Likes this since there can be no comparisons. He is elected leader of the group, with few original ideas; lets the group make its own decisions. May become angry when the club is slow in responding to questions or suggestions.

10. E. R.: 16 years of age; senior or junior at Franklin; plays in band (trombone) is average in his lessons. Likes to tease. Participates regularly in club discussions. Has two sisters (younger). Family has had at least five agency contacts.

C. Group C

In January 1958 the third social worker was given the assignment of locating and attempting to develop a working relationship with a group that had been identified as one that needed the help that could be provided by the special service project. This group was contacted after considerable searching and expressed an interest in obtaining a room for regular meetings, but was definitely not willing to accept an adult worker.

The staff member then embarked on an extensive campaign of contacting several agencies and individuals that were felt to be in a favorable position to provide information about groups of adolescents who were in need of intensive group work services. Through these contacts a number of groups were identified as appropriate for project service, but several approaches made by the worker met with no success.

Finally the East Madison YMCA secretary expressed interest in transferring a group that his agency had been attempting to work with, but that was felt to be of such aggressive and destructive nature as to require a more intensive

and individualized approach than could be provided by the YMCA. The project staff agreed to accept this group, and the one social worker available accepted the assignment. Agreement was reached whereby the group would continue to meet in the YMCA building, but under the sponsorship of the special service project.

This group was a natural group of 21 teen-age boys of which 14 were active members in the club meetings. All of the boys were 16 and 17 years of age, except for one 13 and one 14-year-old boy and three 15-year-old boys. The group was Negro, except for one Caucasian boy who was one of the most active members in the club. Within the group there was a stable core group of five boys which consisted of J. B., H. C., C. L., M. W., and B. W. The group were known as chronic troublemakers at the East Madison YMCA, either as an entire group, or in small subgroups of two or three boys. They harassed smaller boys, damaged agency property, upset planned programs and stole money, candy, and soft drinks from the automatic dispensing machines. Most of these boys were attending school, but many of them were on the verge of suspension, and the rest of the group had already been suspended from school.

This group consisted of three subgroups which contained five, four, and three boys. There was one isolate in the group. In the group of five there was a stable core group with J. B., H. C., C. L., H. W., and B. W., and in the subgroup of four, there were A. A., B. A., F. J., and J. C. In the group of three, there were A. D., S. D., J. C., and the isolate was A. L.

A. A., aged 16, and the oldest of six children: The family was known to the King County Welfare Department on three occasions; the Seattle Public School Guidance Department on five occasions, of which A. A. was one referral; Volunteers of America and the King County juvenile court on three occasions, of which A. A. was one referral. This boy was adjudged a juvenile delinquent on the basis of being involved in larcenies in August 1956, auto theft in October 1957, and juvenile mischief in July 1958. A. was involved in fringe activities in the community and was not too interested in the group, except when a sports event or a dance was taking place. He attended meetings quite irregularly.

J. A., aged 15, brother of A. A. and the second oldest of the six children: The family was known to the King County Welfare Department on three occasions, the Seattle Public School Guidance Department on five occasions, of which J. A. was one referral; Volunteers of America and the King County juvenile court on three occasions, of which J. A. was one referral. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in larcenies, August 1956; auto theft, October 1957. He follows his brother A. A., and they always attended activities together, and were never seen separately by the worker. Both boys would appear to be followers who would go with the crowd, no matter what the activity would be.

J. B., aged 16 and the second oldest of three children: The family was known to the King County Welfare Department on two occasions, the Seattle Public Schools Guidance Department on two occasions, of which J. B. was one referral, and the King County juvenile court on three occasions, of which J. B. was two referrals. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent because of being involved in auto theft in July 1953 and in July 1957. In August 1957, he was committed to the department of institutions, division of children and youth services and sent to Greenhill School, from which he was paroled in 1958. J. B. is a follower who drifts with the leaders of the group. He attends drinking parties when offered the opportunity, and appears to be involved in some fringe activities. He is the only officer in the group to hold an office throughout the life of the club.

J. C., aged 16, oldest of 5 children: Family was known to the King County Welfare Department on two occasions, the Volunteers of America, visiting nurse service, and the Salvation Army on two occasions; Seattle Public School Guidance Department on two occasions, of which J. was one referral, and the King County juvenile court. He had been questioned on several occasions by the Seattle Police Department regarding his activities. Appears to be involved in drinking parties and fringe activities. While in the group, he was in constant conflict with C. L., the only white boy in the club.

H. C.. aged 17, oldest of two children: Family was known to the Seattle Public School Guidance Department on two occasions of which H. was one referral, King County Welfare Department on two occasions, of which H. was one referral, and the visiting nurse service. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being an incorrigible child in March 1956 and eventually was sent to Greenhill School in March 1957. Also has been involved in juvenile mischief

in July 1958, which involved an assault and attempted extortion. H. C. participates in drinking parties, but otherwise apparently is not in conflict with the law. Natural leader after H. W. left and has led the group in obtaining a better reputation with the agency, police, and community. He joined the U.S. Army in 1959.

A. D., aged 15, oldest of three children: The family has been known to the visiting nurse service, King County Welfare Department, Seattle Public School Guidance Department on three occasions, of which A. was referred on two occasions. This boy is a good friend of J. C. in the group. He is apparently

nondelinquent, but enjoyed J. C.'s friendship and joined the group on that basis. A. D. was quite passive in discussions in the meetings, but always was willing to assume responsibility when asked by the leaders of the group.

S. D., aged 13, brother of A. D., next oldest of three children: Family known to visiting nurse service, King County Welfare Department, and Seattle Public School Guidance Department on three occasions. He is apparently a nondelinquent, but followed his brother into group. Very passive and did not say a word in the meetings, except when asked. A willing worker when there was work to be done.

J. G., aged 15, oldest of 10 children: Family known to Seattle Public School Guidance Department on two occasions, J. was one of these referrals. This boy apparently is a nondelinquent. He enjoyed the meetings and activities, especially the dances. He was willing to work and always spoke up in meetings when he disagreed with discussions or proposals made by other members.

F. J., aged 16, oldest of four children: The family was known to the King County juvenile court and F. J. was a referral to the King County Welfare Department on two occasions; the Seattle Public Schools Guidance Department on three occasions, of which F. J. was two referrals, and the Family Service Society on three occasions: the Volunteers of America and the Salvation Army. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in property damage, in February 1956, and auto theft in October 1957. Participates in drinking parties and fringe activities in the community. He is constantly being questioned by the police regarding his activities. Had regular attendance at the meetings and then started drifting away because of a part-time job.

C. L., aged 17, youngest of two children: Family known to Seattle Public School Guidance Department, Jewish Family Children Services, Seattle Public School Security Division, and the King County juvenile court, of which C. L. was the referral. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in auto theft, in April 1957, and for being an incorrigible in September 1957. This is the most disturbed boy in the group and has been seen by psychologists and psychiatrists who say there is a possibility of a psychoactic reaction. This boy quit the club to attend Edison Technical School and eventually quit the school because he was tired of it. In the following weeks, he was involved in assault with a knife upon a younger teenage boy and was charged with second-degree assault in justice court. He was permitted to leave the State.

A. L., aged 14, oldest of five children: Family known to King County Welfare Department and Seattle Public School Guidance Department on three occasions of which A. L. was two referrals. He always came to meetings by himself and did not participate verbally in discussions. Group appeared to accept him, but he did not attend any of the activities of the club. He rarely missed a meeting as long as he was a member.

H. W., aged 17, oldest of three children: Has a twin brother. Family known to housing authority, King County Welfare Department, King County juvenile court, Firland Sanatorium, Red Cross, Seattle Public School Guidance Department on two occasions, of which H. W. was one referral. King County Veterans' Rehabilitation, Salvation Army on three occasions. He was known as a dependent to the juvenile court on a custody matter in March 1950, and for shelter in March 1953, and for shelter again in September 1956. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in burglary in March 1953, runaway, March 1956, school suspension in March 1957, a fight in October 1957 and a burglary in March 1958. He was committed to the department of institutions division of children and youth services in 1958, and eventually sent to the forestry camp. He was constantly involved in fringe activities and up until his commitment led the boys into various activities outside of the law. Below average in intelligence, but cunning and untruthful.

B. W., aged 17, oldest of six children: Family known to Seattle Public School Guidance Department on four occasions, King County Welfare Department on

two occasions, King County juvenile court on two occasions, of which B. W. was one referral, and the Salvation Army. Adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in larceny in March 1956, and he was eventually sent to Greenhill School in September 1956 for violation of probation. Since he has been on parole, he has been involved in riding in a stolen car in July 1957, burglary in August 1957 and juvenile mischief in September 1958. Participates in drinking parties and fringe activities. He is trustworthy and vitally concerned about the club. Also the most active supporting and regularly attending member in the group. Always is willing to assume his responsibility in any activity.

P. H. W., aged 17, only child: King County Welfare Department on two occasions, Seattle Public School Guidance Department for P. H. W. and the Salvation Army, and the juvenile court for P. H. W. He was adjudged a juvenile delinquent for being involved in carnal knowledge of a 6-year old child in March 1957. He has limited mental ability and has attended meetings quite regularly; is quite passive in the group. P. H. W. enjoyed the activities in the club, especially the dances, but was always regarded as the clown of the group.

III. METHODS EMPLOYED

A. Workers' relationships with the groups

The special service project workers met with their groups once a week and at regularly scheduled periods of time ranging from 1 to 3 hours. In addition, there were other special events that were planned by the groups such as dances, trips, overnight camping, carwashing projects and athletic contests, with the workers present and taking advantage of these opportunities to develop closer and more productive relationships with the group members.

Contact with individual members outside of the group situation was also used by the workers during crisis situations when it was decided that the members could use additional help and support from an adult to help them over a particularly trying time. This was limited, however, by virtue of the workers' full-time job responsibilities and hence their frequent unavailability when many of these crises occurred.

B. Recording

All the workers kept group process records on the groups with which they worked. These records were used in the evaluation of individual and group movement and in the refinement of the workers' use of themselves to positively affect behavior, attitudes and relationships of the members.

C. Facilities used

Emphasis was placed on the importance of the workers going out into the community and meeting groups in their own environment and hangouts. There was no attempt made to bring the groups into the Atlantic Street Center, and one group met during the entire period that it was served by the project in a facility outside the center building. Two groups, however, decided that they wished to meet in the center, and were served through a combination of center and other community resources. Some of the facilities used most frequently were churches, recreation centers and other social agencies.

D. Program

The program, or activity media, of the groups developed, with the help of the workers, out of the initial interests of the group members and what the workers adjudged to be the experiential needs of individual members. These activities were prompted by many of the conventional interests of youths-athletics, billiards, dancing, cards, camping, girls, cars, and discussions on matters of importance to the members.

E. Other services offered to members

In addition to the services given in the direct group situations, other services were given by the workers on a limited scale. Included were individual counseling, vocational guidance and referral of individuals to community resources. Again, because of the limited time of the part-time staff, these activities, although felt to be integral parts of the project program, could not be given the time and attention that it was felt they needed.

IV. USE OF PART-TIME WORKER

Because of limited funds and inability to hire a full-time worker with the salary offered, four trained social workers were hired on a part-time basis. The advantages in working together resulted in a great deal more discussion and learning for the staff. The structure and service resulted in more qualitative service as opposed to one worker's reactions and thinking. Many more youth were served sooner through the use of part-time workers.

On the negative side, the worker was not always available in a crisis situation. Since the worker was employed during the day on a full-time basis at another agency, there was not sufficient time for him to establish relationship with the school, family and other community agencies which were significant in the life of the youth. There was difficulty in communication between staff members because of their full-time job responsibility.

V. EVALUATION OF GROUP MOVEMENT BASED UPON THE GOALS ESTABLISHED
BY THE STAFF

This is an evaluation of the work of the special service project of the Seattle Atlantic Street Center. It is comprised of the reports submitted by each of the three special service social group workers and covers a period of time extending from the inception of the program, October 1957, to the present time.

During the formative period of the project, the staff developed a set of five goals that are used in testing the effectiveness of the project program. No one of these goals can be viewed as separate and distinct from any of the others. Rather, they are all interrelated and should be so seen by anyone reading this evaluative report. However, this set of goals has served as a framework for the workers in the preparation of their material. The workers have asked themselves as they described certain modifications in attitudes, behavior and relationships, "Which one or ones of the five goals does this particular situation illustrate some movement toward?" The five goals or objectives used by the workers in their work with the groups and in the preparation of this evaluation material are as follows: I. To improve the personal adjustment of individual members of the groups; II. To help individuals to move in the direction of assuming citizenship responsibilities in modifying social institutions, community attitudes and other conditions; III. To improve attitudes and behavior toward adults and society; IV. To help individuals and groups to utilize resources available in the community; and V. To strengthen the ability of the individual to establish and maintain productive social relationships.

The evaluative statements submitted by the workers indicating movement toward the goals of the project are set down under one or more of the appropriate goals.

Point I: To improve the personal adjustment of individual members of the groups One worker reports that no members of his group had initially shown evidence of having an interest in school homework. Up until recently, there was no expression from the members of this group of an interest or concern in this area of their responsibility. However, the general agency atmosphere and the concern demonstrated by the group worker has encouraged individual members to give increased consideration to this. Group members have, on several occasions, asked the group worker for assistance with their homework. This interest has fired concern in other members within the group. The project staff believes that this situation indicates the development of strengths within individual members to the point that they can admit that they need help in their schoolwork. It also appears to represent a growing desire on the part of individual group members to improve themselves in a constructive area of activity.

Another group worker reports that his group has developed a greater cohesiveness and esprit de corps as a result of being asked to represent Collins fieldhouse in a softball game. While participating in this activity, the members used no obscene language or vulgarities-something quite unusual in the behavior of members within this group. The same worker reports that earlier individual members engaged in verbal attacks on other members of the group. This behavior has now decreased to the point that it is unusual if this occurs. The meaning of the group experience to members of this same group is evidenced in the fact that several members were extremely anxious to have the club resume its activities in the fall. A number of the members are better able to assume more responsibility for the groups' functioning than they were in the beginning.