Mrs. OETTINGER. Exactly.

Senator CLARK. This would require a trained physician? Or not necessarily that?

Mrs. OETTINGER. Yes, it would. Demonstration of effective clinical treatment for adolescent recalcitrant girls are also needed.

Senator CLARK. I think that is fairly self-explanatory, unless you want to elaborate.

Mrs. OETTINGER. Only to say that it is related in a sense to our problem of unmarried motherhood, which is expensive in terms of economics as well as in terms of human suffering. And with many of these girls who potentially may become unmarried mothers, early treatment can help them to live more healthy and effective lives.

We have already covered the value of training specialized personnel in law enforcement, probation and juvenile court work.

The effectiveness of residential treatment centers for young emotionally disturbed offenders involved in serious offenses such as arson, assaults, and habitual ungovernable behavior in the community.

Senator CLARK. Are you thinking there of residential treatment centers after there has been release from an existing institution, or before that?

Mrs. OETTINGER. In fortunate cases I think it would be before. Very many times it is a halfway house after. But I think these seriously disturbed children, both for the protection of the community and for themselves, need the most intensive kind of specialized treatment. We are only now beginning to learn some of the treatment to which they respond, and I think we need to learn much more about it as well as to give opportunities for those youngsters who can profit by this experience, to have it early in their career.

Senator CLARK. Would there not be a good deal of overlapping between your point 1 and your point 4?

Mrs. ÕETTINGER. In a sense, yes. There would be overlapping if you want to think of the larger category. But I think we selected out the sexual deviant because of the peculiar nature of his needs.

The last group is demonstrations of the effectiveness of group foster care or residential centers for returnees from institutions for rehabilitation of delinquents: We have really covered that.

Senator CLARK. Except I would like to ask you whether you have much hope for effective development of foster care. Do you think there is a real potential in that?

Mrs. OETTINGER. I think it is something that we need to explore. A few years ago we would not have believed that foster care could do so much for what we call the hard-to-reach child as it has done. I would like to see us try it in relation to children whose behavior is disordered, as we have done for children who have such physical difficulties, for example, as blindness and many other groups of children who seemed to need just institutional training but have responded so well to living in homes where they are stimulated to live up to their greatest capacities and to learn to live in communities where they can really adjust to ultimate normal life.

Senator CLARK. It occurs to me just superficially it would be a good deal easier to find a satisfactory foster home for a blind child than for a chronic juvenile delinquent, just in terms of the potential foster

parents' willingness to take somebody in. That is why I raise the question as to how feasible this really is.

In a way it is kind of allied to the Big Brother movement, is it not, although, of course, there is no home in the Big Brother movement. But it is the same general approach, is it not?

Mrs. OETTINGER. I think it is allied to our concept of a home of his own for every child, and many of these children have been so deprived that were they given an opportunity for normal home life they would respond.

Senator CLARK. My skepticism is as to the ability to find the foster parents. You have had some experience with that. Do you think they are more or less readily available?

Mrs. OETTINGER. Not readily. I think it will be very difficult, and I think you are quite correct that it might be easier to place a blind child.

I gave that as an example because we felt hopeless about that a few years ago, and our experience has made us have great faith in the kinds of people who are frequently ready to offer adequate homes.

Senator CLARK. It is not too difficult to recruit Big Brothers in these agencies around the country, but I think if the Big Brother went home to his wife and said, "I think I would like to take my little brother into the home" he might have some trouble.

Mrs. OETTINGER. Around-the-clock living with these children is not easy, and that is one of the reasons I think we need trained personnel at all levels.

Senator CLARK. We thank you very much, Mrs. Oettinger. Your testimony has been most helpful.

Mr. Richardson, would you like to call on any of the other members of your staff?

Mr. RICHARDSON. I think not, Mr. Chairman, unless Mr. Green, who is the Director of the Division of Juvenile Delinquency Service in the Children's Bureau, would like to offer any comments that have occurred to him as he has listened to the testimony, or to supplement it in any way.

Senator CLARK. We would be happy to hear from you, Mr. Green, but do not feel you have to make a statement.

Mr. GREEN. I think it has been exceptionally well covered, Senator Clark. I would just like to comment briefly in response to your question on the difference in the institutional treatment between point 1 and point 4.

Actually you have two different groups of youngsters there. The first group in point 1, for the psychopathic, is the habitual delinquent, the youngster that has gotten into difficulty time after time and often cannot understand himself why he continues in this pattern of behavior. And there are some experimental programs going on now for an intensive type of residential treatment for this group.

The point 4 group consists of younger adolescents who are involved in such things as setting fires, certain types of sex offenders and so forth. They are usually your 10-, 11- or 12-year-old group who should receive immediate, around-the-clock institutional help so they do not become the psychopathic delinquent or the hardened delinquent. Those would be the only points I would like to emphasize.

Senator CLARK. Thank you very much, Mr. Green.

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen, for a most helpful session. We appreciate your help.

Mr. RICHARDSON. We appreciate the opportunity to appear, Mr. Chairman.

Senator CLARK. The subcommittee will be in recess, subject to the call of the chairman. It may be that Senator Javits will want us to hear some more testimony at a later date.

(Whereupon, at 11 a.m., the subcommittee recessed subject to call of the Chair.)

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PREVENTION AND CONTROL

TUESDAY, MAY 26, 1959

U.S. SENATE,

SUBCOMMITTEE ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

OF THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE,

Washington, D.C.

The subcommittee met at 10 a.m., pursuant to recess, in room 4200, New Senate Office Building, Senator Joseph S. Clark, chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.

Present: Senators Clark (presiding) and Javits.

Committee staff member present: Samuel V. Merrick, special counsel

to the subcommittee.

Senator CLARK. The subcommittee will be in session.

Is Mr. Royfe here?

Mr. ROYFE. Yes, Senator.

Senator CLARK. Mr. Royfe, would you come forward, please, and take a seat at the desk there.

We are happy to have you here as director of programs and service of the Big Brothers of America.

I was a Big Brother myself for some 25 years and have some familiarity with the organization.

Senator Javits has asked me to express his regrets that because of some trouble with an airplane he is delayed in getting here. I know you came down at his instance and he will be disappointed in not hearing your testimony. But in the interests of expediting the hearings we cannot wait for him.

I see you have a prepared statement and I would suggest that we put it in the record verbatim as you have it, and then you proceed to testify in any way you see fit, perhaps hitting the high spots of your statement, although if you want to read it I have no objection to your reading it.

STATEMENT OF E. H. ROYFE, DIRECTOR OF PROGRAMS AND SERVICE, BIG BROTHERS OF AMERICA

Mr. ROYFE. Thank you, sir.

(The statement follows:)

STATEMENT OF EPHRAIN H. ROYFE, BIG BROTHERS OF AMERICA

Senator Clark, honorable guests, ladies and gentlemen, as director of programs and services for Big Brothers of America, I am pleased to represent my agency which, together with its 41 affiliates, has for the past 55 years been concerned with the welfare of fatherless boys and the prevention of delinquent behavior. This service is of vital importance to our Nation, for it is estimated that there are 3 million boys in the United States under the age of 18 who are growing up