BOMBAY, 1922-23 School Final Examination, the latter of which qualifies for admission into the lower branches of the public service. Side by side with the High Schools there are the Middle Schools which teach the first few standards only of the secondary school course of seven standards. There are also in some places separate high and middle schools for girls. Below the secondary schools are a large number of Primary Schools both for boys and girls in which instruction is given in the vernacular to the vast mass of the people. There are also institutions for the training of teachers for both secondary and primary schools maintained by Government, viz., the Secondary Training College, Bombay, and the Vernacular Training Colleges for men and women at Ahmedabad, Poona, Dhulia (for men only), Dharwar and Hyderabad. A certain number of district training schools have also been opened during the decade. For technical and industrial education, there are the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay, and the Reay Art Workshops attached to it, the V. J. Technical Institute, Bombay, which is now recognised as the central technological institution for the Presidency, the Workshop classes of the College of Engineering, Poona, the School of Engineering attached to the D. J. College at Karachi and a number of technical and industrial schools, notably the Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Technical Institute, Ahmedabad, the Parekh School of Art, Surat, the Sir D. M. Petit Industrial School, Ahmednagar, the School of Industry at Ratnagiri and the V. J. Technical Institute, Sukkur. For the proper selection of text-books for use in secondary and primary schools, there are six special committees, one, known as the Provincial Text Book Committee, for the consideration of books for use in secondary schools, and five Vernacular Text Book Committees for the consideration of books in Marathi, Gujarati, Kanarese, Sindhi and Urdu. A Committee of Direction for Technical Education has also been constituted during the decade. EDUCATION The total number of recognised educational institutions in British districts decreased by 40 to 13,269, but the number of 208 pupils increased by 14,775 to 911,652. The number of private institutions not recognised by Government and the pupils in them increased by 101 and pupils by 593, making a total of 1,692 schools and 62,108 pupils respectively. 7.7 per cent. of the male population and 2:1 per cent. of the female population were attending schools or colleges. In the Indian States the percentages were 6'6 and 1.5 respectively. Hindu pupils in recognised institutions in British Districts numbered 705,000, Muhammadans 153,000, Indian Christians 29,000, and Parsis 16,000. In British districts, out of a total of 26,736 towns and villages, 9,736 possessed schools, the average area served by each town or village with a school being 12.7 square miles. In Indian States there were 3,753 recognised and 870 unrecognised institutions, and out of 14,726 towns and villages 3,198 possessed schools, the average area served being 19'6 square miles. The total expenditure on public instruction rose by Rs. 15'7 lakhs to Rs. 311 8 lakhs to which Government funds contributed 55.2 per cent.; District Local Board Funds 4.7 per cent.; Municipal Funds 11.2 per cent. ; fees 16 ̊4 per cent. ; and endowments, etc., 12.5 per cent. Primary schools absorbed over Rs. 157 lakhs exclusive of expenditure on inspection, construction, and repairs. Indian States spent about Rs. 36 lakhs on education. University. The number of candidates for the School Leaving Certificate Examination for the purpose of Matriculation increased by 603 to over 7,000, of whom 61 per cent. passed, as against 56 per cent. in the previous year. At the Intermediate Examination in Arts 1,460 appeared and 54 per cent. passed. The number who passed at the B.A. Examination was 667, of whom 330 took Honours, and out of 151 candidates for the B.Sc. Examination 86 passed, while at the M.A. Examination 43 passed out of 78. For the professional degrees, excluding the medical examinations, there were 448 successful candidates. The expenditure on the University (as distinct from individual colleges) was Rs. 3'4 lakhs. Arts Colleges.-The total number of students in the 12 Arts Colleges in British Districts increased by 285 to 5,114 and expenditure rose from Rs. 12 lakhs to Rs. 14 lakhs. H 559-27 Professional Education.-The Education. The Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics and the Government Law School had a larger number of students than in the previous year and a new Engineering College attached to the D. J. Sind College, Karachi, was opened. Education in Art.-The number of students at the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay, increased by 47 to 390 and the numbers in the Reay Art workshops by 12 to 143. The Painting Classes in the School deserve special mention, in view of the endeavours which are being made to create there a National School of Indian Painting. Technical and Industrial Education.-The number of students attending Technical and Industrial schools in British districts was 2,286, against 1,829 in the previous year. The total expenditure was Rs. 5.5 lakhs. Secondary Education (General).—Public Secondary Schools decreased by 2 to 665 but the number of pupils rose by 2,153 to 104,686, the total expenditure being 68 lakhs, an increase of Rs. 3 lakhs. High Schools. High Schools for boys increased by 4 to 193 and the attendance by 2,468 to 64,210. The number of High Schools for girls increased by 1 to 49, but the number of pupils decreased by 104 to 8,082. Middle Schools.-Middle Schools for boys decreased by 5 to 380 and the number of pupils in them by 211 to 29,256. Girls' Schools decreased by 2 to 43 but the number of pupils remained stationary, viz. 3,138. Primary Schools. In British districts the primary schools for boys decreased by 132 to 10,972 but the number of pupils rose by 12,269 to 700,248. The decrease in the number of schools occurred entirely in Sind and is due to a large decrease in the number of recognised Mulla Schools. This decrease is due to two causes: (1) a large number of inefficient schools have been struck off the aided list; (2) some schools have refused grants owing to the Khilafat movement. The Presidency proper, however, showed an increase of 187 schools with 20,148 pupils. The total number of girls under instruction in primary schools in British districts was 160,481, a decrease of 552. In Indian States primary schools increased by 80 to 3,162 and the attendance in them by 7,268 to 205,842. The total expenditure on primary education in British districts rose from Rs. 1484 lakhs to Rs. 1574 lakhs. Of this Government contributed Rs. 99 6 lakhs, District Local Board funds Rs. 9°7 lakhs, Municipal funds Rs. 30 lakhs, fees Rs. 5 ̊2 lakhs, and Endowments, etc., Rs. 12.7 lakhs. In Indian States the expenditure on primary education rose from Rs. 18 lakhs to Rs. 19 lakhs. Training Institutions.-There were 22 training institutions for men, with 1,591 pupils, and 21 for women, with 1,015 pupils. Of the training institutions for men, 20, with 1,492 pupils, were in British districts-17 with an attendance of 1,428 under public management and 3 with 64 pupils under private management. Two training institutions, with 99 pupils, were maintained by Indian States. Of the Women's training institutions, 20 were in British districts. Muhammadans.-The total number of Muhammadans under instruction in recognised institutions in British districts decreased by 5,000 to 153,000, of whom 20,500 were in institutions for females. Intermediate Classes.-The total number of pupils under instruction increased by 6,000 to 348,000 of whom 84,000 belong to the Maratha community proper, 162,000 to the Koli, Kunbi, and other cultivating classes, 38,000 to the Artisan classes including the Chaturth Jains, and 64,000 are Lingayats. Aboriginal and Hill Tribes.-The total number of pupils increased by 440 to over 12,000. Depressed Classes.-The number of pupils of the depressed classes increased by 3,700 to nearly 42,000. Reformatory Schools.-There are 4 institutions, with 655 pupils, three under the Educational Department and the fourth under the Jail Department. Every inmate is taught a trade or craft, with the object of providing him with the means of earning an honest living after his discharge. YERAVDA REFORMATORY Forty-one boys were admitted during the year of whom thirty-seven had been convicted of theft or similar offences, one . of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, two of causing voluntary hurt, and one of counterfeiting coin. The number of boys in the Reformatory was 164. The behaviour of the boys was, on the whole, satisfactory. The total number of offences was 29 involving 39 boys and consisted mainly of breaches of discipline, possession of prohibited articles such as bidis, etc. The number of boys on license, at the end of 1921, was 10, and during the year under report 10 new licenses were issued. The work and conduct of the licensees was constantly watched by the Superintendent, who had frequent interviews with the employers, saw the boys at work and gave them advice from time to time. There were 23 monitors at the end of the year and generally they behaved well. Their main duty is to assist in supervision in the various factories and to maintain order inside the dormitories at night. The average number of boys who earned gratuity was 112 while the average earnings per boy per annum was Rs. 3-0-3 as against Rs. 2-2-3 the previous year. Five trades continued to be taught in the Reformatory School. Twenty-nine boys were engaged in carpentry, 15 in smithy, 23 in painting, 15 in book-binding and 77 in gardening and agriculture. All the manufactories were busy in executing outside orders for making or repairing furniture, building or repairing carriages, painting and varnishing motors, etc., and binding books and registers. Book binding work was secured from the Yeravda Prison Press and from the public. The average cost per boy was Rs. 268. There was provision for primary education up to Marathi and Gujarati 5th standard, but there were no pupils in the Gujarati 4th and 5th standards. The Deputy Educational Inspector and his Assistants inspected all the classes and found the general progress of the pupils to be good. Moral and religious instruction was regularly imparted on Saturday afternoons, and the boys collected every morning and evening to recite devotional poems. On the Ramzan and Bakri-Id holidays, the Muhammadan boys were taken to a mosque to join in public prayers; similarly on the Mahashivaratra holiday the Hindu |