von der Befreiung der Waldstätte, Bâle, 1873.-Meyer, H., Die Denare und Bractealen in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1858-60; Geschichte der XIe und XXIe Legion, Mittheilungen de Zürich, Zurich, 1853. - Meyer, J., Geschichte des schweiz. Bundesrechts, Zurich, 1849-1852, 2 vols.-Meyer von Knonau, Ludwig, Handbuch der Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1843, 2 vols.

Louis Meyer von Knonau was born at Zurich September 12, 1769. He studied history, law, and philology at Halle, where he became an ardent disciple of Professor Wolf. He filled various diplomatic offices with firmness and intelligence, retired to private life in 1839, and died September 6, 1841. His history of the confederation is one of the most accurate and complete at the disposition of the student. His son, Gerold, born March 2, 1804, followed in his father's footsteps and devoted himself to public life. The government confided to his care the archives of Zurich and charged him with the publication of the documents of the federal diet. He died November 1, 1858.

Miles, H., Chronik, St. Gall., 1902.-Mohr, T. von, Die Regesten der Benedictiner-Abtei Einsiedeln, Chur., 1848.-Mommsen, T., Römische Geschichte, Berlin, 1885, 5 vols. ; Inscriptiones Confœderationes helvetica, Mitt. d. antiq. Ges., Zurich, vols. 10 and 15.

Theodor Mommsen, an eminent historian, was born Nov. 30, 1817, at Garding, Schleswig, of a Danish family. He was displaced in 1852 from the chair of law at Leipsic for partisanship in political events, but was immediately called to that of the University of Zurich. During the Franco-Prussian War he was among the bitterest enemies of France.

Monnard, C., Histoire de la Confédération suisse, Zurich, 1847-1853, 5 vols.

Charles Monnard was born in 1790, and died at Bonn in 1865. His chief labor was the continuation of the history of Switzerland by J. von Müller. His classic style is apt to strike us of to-day as too stilted, but it is easily overlooked in the appreciation due to his solid merit, his simple modesty, his generous and liberal spirit.

Moor, Theodore, Historisch-chronologischer Wegweiser, Chur., 1873; Wegweiser durch da Curratien, 1873.-Morel, G., Mémoires et documents de la Soc. d'histoire de la Suisse romande; Die Registen der Benedictiner-Abtei Einsiedeln. Morell, C., Die helvetische Gesellschaft. Morin, A., Précis de l'histoire politique de la Suisse, Geneva and Paris, 1856-75.-Müller, J. von, Der Geist der Ahnen oder die Einheitsbestrebungen in der Schweiz vor der helvetischen Revolution, Zurich, 1874; Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, 1841-1847, 7 vols.; Indicateur d'antiquités suisses, 1875; Schweizergeschichte, Lausanne, 1795-1801, 11 vols.; Der Geschichten Schweizerischer Eidgenossenschaft, Liepsic and Zurich, 1805-16, 5 vols. - Müller-Friedberg, Schweizerische Annalen, 1830, 6 vols. -Muralt, C., Schweizergeschichte mit durchganziger Quellenangabe, Bern, 1885.

Nayler, F. H., History of Helvetia, London, 1801, 2 vols.-Nisard, M., Études sur la renaissance, Paris, 1855. - Nuscheler, A., Die Siechenhäuser in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1866.

Ochs, Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Basel, Bâle, 1796-1822, 8 vols. Ochsenbein, Die Kriegsgründe und Kriegsbilder des Burgunderkrieges, 1876.-Oe, Die Anfänge der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1891. — Oechsli, W., Lehrbuch für den Geschichtsunterricht, Zurich, 1885; Quellenbuch zur Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1886; Die Anfänge der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1891.

William Oechsli, born October 6, 1851, at Riesbach, was destined by his family to the ministry; but he deserted theology for history, and after exhaustive study at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Paris, he was called in 1887 to the professorship of Swiss history in the Zurich Polytechnical Institute.

Orelli, A. von, Das Staatsrecht der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Fribourg, 1885.

Pierrefleur, P. de, Mémoires.

The Memoirs of Pierre de Pierrefleur, grand banneret of Orbe, present an accurate picture of the progress of the Reformation. Modestly and without recrimination, though himself an ardent Catholic, he endeavours accurately to reproduce day by day the scenes which pass before his eyes-truth without passion, simplicity without grossness his chief object. Moderation is the keynote of this recital from the lips of the pious and honourable knight of Orbe. Unfortunately, the original chronicle having been lost, we are obliged to content ourselves with extracts. Peyssonel, C. C., de, Discours sur l'alliance de la France avec les Suisses et les Grisons, Paris, 1790.Pfyffr, C., Sammlung kleiner Schriften, Zurich, 1866. Pirkheimer, W., Historia belli Suitensis sive Helvetici, Tiguri, 1735. Planta, P. C. von, Die Schweiz in ihrer Entwicklung zum Einheitsstaate. -Pupikofer, Geschichte des Thurgavs, Bischoffzell, 1830. — Pury, S. de, Chronique des chanoines de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 1839.

Rahn, J. N., Geschichte der bildenden Künste in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1876. — Rambert, E., Les Alps suisses, Geneva, 1875.

Eugene Rambert, born in 1830, first turned his studies in the direction of theology, but at twenty-four he was appointed to the chair of French literature at Lausanne, which he Occupied until the Confederation called him to the Polytechnical School. His sojourn at Zurich lasted twenty-one years, when, in 1881, he returned to his own canton. He was not

long, however, to breathe his native air, his laborious career being suddenly cut short in 1886. His works are numerous and varied, but all are remarkable for great power, authority, and calm.

Rauchenstein, H., Der Feldzug Cæsars gegen die Helvetier, Zurich, 1882.-Relatio Conflictus Laupensis. — Reportorium der Abschiede der Eidgenössischen_Tagsatzungen, 1803-1848, 3 vols. (Additional reports of the old federal diets). Rilliet, A., Les Origines de la Confédération suisse, Geneva, 1868. - Rochholz, Eidgenössische Liederchronik, Bern, 1835. Rodt, E. von, Die Feldzüge der Schweizer gegen Karl den Kühnen. Geschichte des bernischen Kriegswesens, Schaffhausen, 1843-1844, 2 vols. -Roget, Amédée, Les Suisses et Genève, Geneva, 1864; Histoire du peuple de Genève, Geneva, 1870-83, 7 vols.-Rossel, V., Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande, Bern, 1887-91, 2 vols. Rovéréa, F. de, Mémoires, Bern.

Ruchat, A., Histoire de la Réformation en Suisse, Lausanne, 1727-28.

Abraham Ruchat, the father of Swiss (French) history, was born in 1678 of a peasant family. Educated in Germany and Holland, he returned to Switzerland to become professor of history at the University of Lausanne. The Histoire de la Réformation en Suisse was but a part of a projected general history of Switzerland which was never completed. Ruchat says of his labours: "I have been tempted nine times to give up the enterprise and live in peace; but the desire to serve my country has ever reinvested me with courage. I seek not glory, but truth and the public good. I have always endeavoured to write as though some day I were to be called to account for the products of my pen.'

Sarnen, Livre blanc de Sarnen, in Les Origines de la Confédération suisse, by A. Rilliet, Geneva, 1868. - Schilling, D. (the younger), Luzerner Chronik, Luzern, 1862. — Schreiber, H. Loriti Glareanus, Fribourg, 1878.-Schuler, M., Geschichte des Landes Glarus; Thaten und Sitten der Eidgenossen, Zurich, 1856, 7 vols. Secrétan, E., Galérie suisse, Biographies Nationales, Lausanne, 1874. - Seehausen, R., Schweizer Politik während des dreissigjährigen Krieges, Halle, 1882.-Segesser, P. von, Eidgenössiche Abschiede Staatsund Rechtsgeschichte von Luzern, Lucerne, 1839-1856, 17 vols.- Simmler, J., Vom Regiment der löblichen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1576.-Steiger, R. de, Coup d'œil général sur l'histoire militaire des Suisses, Lausanne, 1869. — Steinauer, Geschichte des Freistaates Schwyz, Einsiedeln, 1861. Stettler, M., Annales oder Beschreibung der vornehmeten Geschichten, Bern, 1626, 2 vols. — Studer, H., Till-Eulenspiegel im Lande des Tell, Zurich, 1900.—Strickler, J., Lehrbuch der Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1874, Aktensammlung der helvetischen Republik, Frauenfeld, 1899; Die Quellen zur Reformationsgeschichte, 1884. Stumpf, J., Swiss Chronicle, Zurich, 1547.

Tageblatt der Gesetze und Dekrete der gesetzgebenden Räthe der Helvetischen Republik, Bern, 1800, 6 vols. -Tillier, J. A. von, Geschichte der Eidgenossen während der Zeit des sogeheissenen Fortschrifts, Bern, 1853-1855, 3 vols.; Geschichte der Eidgenossenschaft während der sogenannten Restaurationsepoche, Zurich, 1848-1850, 3 vols.; Geschichte der Eidgenossen während der Herrschaft der Vermittlungsakte, Zurich, 1845-1846, 2 vols.; Geschichte des Freistaates Bern, Bern, 1838-1839, 5 vols.; Geschichte der helvetischen Republik, Bern, 1843, 3 vols. - Tschudi, A., Chronicon Helveticum, Basel, 1734-1736, 2 vols.

The most complete of the early Swiss chronicles and the basis of Müller's history.

Vaucher, P., Esquisses d'histoire Suisse, Lausanne, 1882. — Vieusseux, A., History of Switzerland, London, 1846. - Vincent, J. M., State and Federal Government of Switzerland, Baltimore, 1891.-Vischer, W., Geschichte det Schwäbischen Städtebünde, Götingen, 1861. - Vita S. Galli, Translated by A. Potthast in Die Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Vol. 1, Berlin, 1857.-Vögeli, Vaterländische Geschichte, Zurich, 1872.-Vogelin, A. and Escher, Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Zurich, 1854, 4 vols. -Vulliemin, L., Histoire de la Confédération suisse, Lausanne, 1875-1876, 2 vols.

Louis Vulliemin was the founder of the Société d'histoire de la Suisse romande, together with Felix Chavannes the poet and F. de Gingins the historian. Imaginative, ardent, patriotic, variously gifted, Vulliemin devoted all his talent to his country's use, and merits the eternal gratitude of Switzerland.

Wattenwyl, Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Bern, Schaffhausen, 1867-1872, 2 vols. Weidmann, Father, Geschichte der Landschaft St. Gallen, St. Gall, 1834.-Wild, K., Auszüge aus handschriftlichen chroniken und aus den Rathsprotokollen der Stadt und Republik St. Gallen, St. Gall, 1847. — Wilson, J., History of Switzerland, London, 1832. — Wintherthur, Morf de, Dittes Paedagogium, Heft, 1878.- Wirth, Statistik der Schweiz, Zurich, 1871-75, 3 vols. Wittekind, (monk of Corvey) Chronique. Wyss, G. von, Geschichte der Historiographie in der Schweiz, Zurich 1895. - Indicateur d'histoire de Soleure, Solothurn, 1866.

J. G. von Wyss, Swiss historian, born at Zurich March 31st, 1816, is the son of the burgomaster David von Wyss. He was appointed president of the Société d'histoire suisse in 1854, and is universally recognised as among the most learned of the historians of the century.

Zellweger, J. K., Geschichte des Appenzellischen Volkes, Trogen, 1830; Chronologische Uebersicht der Schweizergeschichte, Zurich, 1887; Geschichte der diplomatischen verhältnisse der Schweiz mit Frankreich, Bern, 1848.-Zschokke, J. H., Histoire de la lutte des cantons démocratiques, Geneva and Paris 1823; History of the Invasion of Switzerland by the French, translated by J. Aiken, London, 1803.

A CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF

SWITZERLAND

BEFORE THE ROMAN CONQUEST

Before 3000 B.C. (Stone Age.) The lake-dwellers, the earliest people of which traces remain in what is now Switzerland, live in primitive huts built on piles in the shallow waters of various lakes. They do not know the use of metal; use stone axe-heads, fixed in stag's horn and wood hafts, flint arrow-heads, etc.

3000-1000 B.C. (Bronze Age.) The lakemen learn to manipulate metal; advance in skill and mental culture; make artistically shaped bronze spear-heads, swords, etc. 1000-100 B.C. (Iron Age.) The lakemen substitute iron for bronze and achieve greater beauty and perfection of workmanship. Their weapons and implements become gradually identical with those of historic times. In their later days they come into contact with Gauls and Romans.

107 B.C. The Helvetians, one of the chief of the tribes then inhabiting Switzerland, led by the clan of the Tigurini and under command of their chief Diviko, joined the Cimbri and Teutones in a raid into southern Gaul. The allies defeat the Romans, under the consul Lucius Cassius, at Agen, and overrun Gaul.

102 B.C.

101 B.C.

The barbarians are defeated by the Romans under the consul Marius near Aquæ Sextiæ and one clan of the Helvetians, that of the Toygeni, is annihilated.

Another division of the invading barbarians is cut to pieces by the forces of Marius and his colleague Catullus, near Vercelli. The Helvetian clan of the Tigurini alone escapes.

60 B.C. The Helvetians prepare for a second migration into Gaul. A powerful chief, Orgetorix, promises to secure free passage through the lands of the Allobroges and Edui. He is accused of treason and dies, by suicide or murder.

58 B.C. The Helvetians, accompanied by the Boii and neighboring tribes, begin the march. Julius Cæsar checks the Helvetians at the Rhone, and destroys the Tigurini at return home.

the Arar (Saône). At Bibracte Cæsar defeats the Helvetians. Their remnants

UNDER ROMAN DOMINION

57 2.3. Cæsar's lieutenant, Sergius Galba, subdues the Helvetian Veragri and Seduni. Helvetia is made a Roman province.

52 B.C.

The Helvetians take part in the revolt of Vercingetorix.

43 B.C. Romans settle at Noviodunum (Nyon) and in various other parts of Helvetia. Helvetia is made part of Belgica, one of the provinces of Gaul, and comes more directly under Roman control.

27 B.C.

15 B.C.

Rhætia (the Grisons) is subjugated by armies under Drusus and Tiberius Nero and made a Roman province.

A.D. 69 Aulus Cæcina lays waste Helvetia and massacres large numbers of the inhabitants. Claudius Corius, a Helvetian deputy, by his eloquence saves the people from complete destruction. Aventicum (Avenches) becomes a Roman city of importance. Roman civilisation makes much progress in Helvetia, especially in the western portion. Under the Romans military roads and fortresses are built.

FROM THE GERMAN INVASIONS THROUGH THE CARLOVINGIANS

260 Hordes of Alamanni devastate Switzerland. They partially destroy Aventicum. 300 Christianity makes some converts in Switzerland.

305 Alamanni again overrun Switzerland.

406 The Alamanni conquer eastern Switzerland.

409 The Burgundians march toward the Rhine and approach Switzerland. 443 The Burgundians settle in western Switzerland, receiving "Sabaudia

(Savoy) from

the Romans.

496 The Franks subjugate the Alamanni, acquiring eastern Switzerland.

493 The Goths conquer Rhætia.

500 King Gondebaud rules in Burgundy. His laws become part of Swiss institutions.

524 The Franks, under Clodomir, capture Geneva.

534 The Franks subjugate the Burgundians, bringing western Switzerland into their power.

536 Rhætia is given up to the Franks by the Goths.

570 The Langobardi invade southern Switzerland.

574 The Frankish king Gontran checks the incursions of the Langobardi.

610 The Culdee monks, led by Columbanus and Gallus, spread Christianity in Switzerland.

687 The Carlovingians begin their rule over the Franks. They foster religious establishments in Switzerland.

768 Charlemagne ascends the Frankish throne. He givs an impetus to religion, education, and industry in Switzerland; founds schools and churches and increases their wealth.

774 The Franks gain possession of the Italian valleys of Switzerland till then held by the Langobardi.

843 By the Treaty of Verdum western or Burgundian Switzerland falls to Lothair, eastern or German Switzerland (Alamannia) with Rhætia to Ludwig the German. Feudalism is becoming well established in Switzerland. The church owns large estates and the bishops are powerful. Arts and sciences progress in the monasteries of St. Gall, Reichenau, and Pfäffers.

853 Ludwig the German founds the Fraumünster at Zurich.

TIME OF BURGUNDIAN AND ALAMANNIAN RULERS

888 Rudolf I is crowned king of Upper Burgundy and begins to rule over western Switzerland.

917 Count Burkhard of Rhætia is made duke of Alamannia (Swabia). He rules over

eastern Switzerland.

919 Burkhard I, duke of Alamannia, defeats Rudolf II of Upper Burgundy at Winterthur. 920 Alamannia is formally incorporated with Germany. Eastern Switzerland thus becomes a part of Germany.

922 Rudolf II of Upper Burgundy marries Burkhard's daughter Bertha who brings to Burgundy the upper Aargau.

930 Rudolf II acquires Arelat (Cisjurane Burgundy) as the result of a raid into Italy with Hugo of Provence. Thus the kingdom of Burgundy is reunited and Switzerland, as an important part of this kingdom, attains prominence.

937 Rudolf II of Burgundy dies. Good Queen Bertha, his widow, rules beneficently as regent for her son Conrad.

940 Conrad is placed under the guardianship of Otto I of Germany. Beginning of German influence in western Switzerland.

950 Conrad defeats the Hungarians that invade Switzerland.

962 Queen Bertha founds a religious house at Payerne. (Traditional.)

990 Ekkehard II of St. Gall, the most famous man of learning of his time, dies.

992 The serfs rise against the nobles of Aargau and Thurgau.

993 Rudolf III of Burgundy. Switzerland is turned over more and more to the clergy and the great nobles.

1016 Rudolf III abdicates in favor of Henry II of Germany. Henry is opposed by the nobles of Burgundy in several battles in Switzerland.

1022 The distinguished scholar Notker III of St. Gall dies.

FROM THE UNION OF SWITZERLAND UNDER THE GERMAN EMPERORS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE SWISS CONFEDERATION

1032 Conrad II of Germany defeats the Burgundians at Morat and Neuchâtel. 1033 He is crowned king of Burgundy and thus adds western Switzerland to Germany. 1038 Burgundy, Alamannia, and Rhætia fall to Henry III. All Switzerland is hereby reunited as part of Germany. St. Gall is a leader in learning. The abbeys of Zurich, Rheinau, and Einsiedeln and the bishoprics of Coire, Constance, and Bâle attain great eminence.

1045 Henry III of Germany by assuming the crown of Lombardy secures possession of all the territories of Switzerland not already within his dominions (Italian Switzerland). He is frequently at Bâle and Solothurn. He holds imperial diets at Zurich and lavishes gifts on her religious foundations.