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and support, so that we can begin to alleviate the great dangers from these problems.

Mr. President, there are many ways in which we can begin. Just a few weeks ago, for example, I had the opportunity to stop by the Glasgow Air Force Base in Montana, where there are excellent facilities for long-term usage, fully and completely built, with excellent hospital facilities already existing, yet standing idle. We are talking about the need for long-range of rehabilitation and treatment, and for feeding back into our society those men who are the responsibility of our society, and have served our country in combat. Certainly, at this critical time, we must not be said to lack the initiative to accept the challenge or the innovative ability to adopt the programs that can begin to resolve these issues.

EXHIBIT 1

IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS AND DRUG DEPENDENT PERSONS

The Armed Forces should give special priority to developing reliable methods of identifying drug abusers and potential drug abusers at the Armed Porces Examining and Entrance Stations and elsewhere in the military system.

The General Accounting Office (GAO) should be asked to undertake a study to determine whether entrance examinations can and should be made more effective in screen. ing out drug abusers and those who are prone to drug abuse. Such a study should include an analysis of the techniques which can be used to screen such individuals, a cost-benefit analysis of such techniques, and recommendations of those techniques which can and should be used by the Armed Forces.

Individuals who are rejected for service in the Armed Forces because of drug abuse or drug dependence should, with their consent, be referred to appropriate civilian prevention and treatment facilities. This would apply to candidates for induction as well as to in-serv ice personnel.

The Armed Forces should establish a system for evaluating the performance of each APES atation in screening out drug abusers Such a system should seek to identify those APEES stations where significant numbers of individuals have been admitted to service with undetected drug abuse and drug dependence problems which subsequently interfere with their military performance. PREVENTION

The Armed Forces, in consultation with the Office of Education, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and outside experts, should carry out a massive upgrading of its present edorte toward preventing and educating against drug abuse and drug dependence. These efforts should present factual information in an unbiased way, encourage individual discussion and participation, include discussions of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, and include discussions of non-chemical alternatives to drug use and abuse. It is extremely important that these efforts be tailored to and reach each level of the military structure.

Special traveling drug abuse teams with expertise in effective educational techniques and a knowledge of legal, medical and social ramifications of drug use and abuse are being effectively in some segments of the Armed Porces. Additional support should be given to these teams, and this program should be expanded.

The Armed Forces should give greater attention to providing more recreation, entertainment, physical activity and meaningful

work in order to abate those conditions, particularly boredom and "make work" jobs. which appear to be conductive to drug abuse.

An intensive evaluation of all prevention efforts in this area should be carried out to insure their effectiveness.

TRAINING

Specialized information and training in the recognition of drug abuse and drug dependence should be provided to personnel involved in screening candidates for induction into the Armed Forces.

Additional emphasis should be given to providing specialized information and training to personnel involved in dealing with drug abuse problems, including unit commanders, noncommissioned omcers, chaplains, medical and social work personnel, law enforcement personnel and the like.

An intensive evaluation of all training efforts in this area⚫ould be carried out in order to insure their effectiveness.

TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION

A. The Defense Department should establish a comprehensive, integrated, and mandatory policy under which service members who are drug dependent or are medically ill drug abusers are provided with the same opportunities for treatment and rehabilitation as would be afforded to any military person. nel who are 111. Such a policy should include the following principles:

1. A member who is a medically ill drug abuser or a drug dependent person should not be summarily discharged from the service, unless he has refused to accept appropriate treatment as shall be offered by the service.

2. A member who is identified as a drug dependent person or a medically ill drug abuser as a result of his arrest for a drugrelated offense, should be dealt with through normal military Judicial or disciplinary processes. In determining how to handle an individual case, primary emphasis should be given to how best to treat and rehabilitate the individual. It may be useful, for example, to consider postponement of the trial or disciplinary proceeding, suspension of sentence, and other devices commonly used in civilian courts in order to effect rehabilitation.

3. A member with drug abuse or drug dependence problems should be encouraged to seek medical assistance and, when he does so, should not be subject to disciplinary or other punitive action based on information he has given in seeking or receiving such assistance. Absolute confidentiality should be preserved unless competent medical authority determines that the patient is a danger to himself or others; however, no information divulged by the patient in confidence should be admitted into evidence in disciplinary proceedings against him without his consent.

4. A member who seeks such assistance should be offered every opportunity to be restored to useful military service within the Armed Forces. This contemplates that such person may be offered temporary sick leave or given tasks they are capable of performing while undergoing treatment and rehabilitation.

5. When security clearance, flying status or other classification affecting job position or pay is withdrawn from a member who sought assistance as a drug dependent person or a medically ill drug abuser, it should be reinstated within six months after his treatment has been completed unless he fails during this period to perform at the level at which he was performing prior to treatment.

6. A member who has sought or accepted treatment and rehabilitation should be separated only when such treatment and rehabilitation has repeatedly failed and competent medical authority has determined that he cannot be restored to useful military service.

B. The present amnesty program should be totally re-evaluated in the light of the above principles and objectives.

C. A study should be carried out to determine whether treatment and rehabilitation efforts should be carried out in Armed Forceswide central treatment facilities or, rather. in local settings.

SEPARATION

A member who is a medically ill drug abuser or a drug dependent person should be granted a non-punitive discharge and should be afforded the same opportunities for treatment and rehabilitation afforded all persons discharged as physically or mentally disabled His drug-related actions should not be regarded as the result of intentional misconduct or willful neglect. Such a person should retain the same rights and benefits as any other person amicted with serious illnesses, and should not lose pension, retirement, medical or other rights because he is a medically ill drug abuser or a drug dependent person.

The Veterans Administration should give priority to increasing its capability to care for drug dependent persons or medically ill drug abusers. In doing so, it should consider entering into contractual arrangements with such facilities as have demonstrated their effectiveness in the treatment and rehabilitation area.

MISCELLANEOUS

In general, the Armed Forces should recognize their unique position to assert national leadership in identifying drug abusers and drug dependent persons; in developing and evaluating effective treatment and rehabili tation, research. prevention and education programs; and making a distinct contribution toward the abatement of this national problem.

The Armed Forces should consider ways by which they can have an affirmative impact on the abatement of the drug epidemic in civilian society. The most obvious contributions would include sharing information and data relevant to the drug problem, and the donation or sale at present value of surplus equipment, facilities and the like that might be useful in combatting the drug problem.

The Armed Forces should establish a special program to provide prevention, treatment and rehabilitation services to dependents of military personnel.

Special consideration should be given to Insuring that continuity is preserved in all prevention and treatment and rehabilitation programs. This should apply to personnel operating these programs. It should also apply to those receiving the benefits of treatment and rehabilitation programs,

The Congress should authorize and appropriate suficient funds to carry out the above recommendations.

A special impacted aid program should be created to assist communities whose drug problem has been aggravated by the prev alence of drug abuse among military personnel stationed nearby.

The Armed Forces should provide written reports, at six-month intervals, on their progress toward achieving the objectives outlined above.

EXHIBIT 2

STAFT REPORT ON DRUG ABUSE IN THE
MILITARY

To: Members of Alcoholism and Narcotics
Subcommittee.

From: The Subcommittee Staff.

I. INTRODUCTION

In the spring of 1970, the Subcommittee staff began an investigation of drug abuse in the military. This was undertaken by authority of an April 16, 1970, letter from Benator John C. Stennis. Chairman of the Armed Services Committee. to Senator

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a non-user, he associated with other non-users and tended to view all use in terms of his group: his estimates were usually low. The user on the other hand assoelated with other users and tended to feel that everyone used drugs.

B. The drugs being used

The kinds of drugs being used in any par ticular area depend to a large degree upon the extent to which they are locally available. In Thailand and Vietnam, there are few effective controls on the availability of any drug. Because of a lack of doctors, apothecary shops dispense virtually every manufactured drug and many herbs and other types of remedies. These are dispensed without a prescription to any buyer. Also in Thailand and Vietnam, as in most Southeast Asia nations, opium, particularly among the Chinese populations, has been the drug of choice of the natives. This and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, were reportedly supplied primarily by an organized network of Chinese operating in nearly all nations.

In Vietnam and Thailand marihuana was freely available. In Thailand, the members of the staff had no dimculty in procuring "tailored" marihuana cigarettes with filtertips. These cost 81.50 for 15. In the United States a similar amount would cost at least five times as much. They can be procured from or through bar girls, taxi drivers, and even young children on the street. In Nakhon Phanom, Thailand, we were shown apothecary shops which dispense the varlous amphetamines and barbiturates which some Air Force troops use. These were small shops with an open front and shelves loaded with bottles and jars Drugs were dispensed either by name or by describing a set of symptoms which led the shopkeeper to dispense whatever he felt would solve the probJean

The Southeast Asia marihuana is fresh and potent. Delts 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the active ingredient in marihuana. The average sample available in Southeast Asis contains between 3.5 and 4.0 percent THC. This is much higher than the average to %% of one percent THC which US-grown marihuana contains. The preference for mari. huana in Southeast Asia among US troops is ascribed to ready availability, inexpensiveDess, ease of cachement, non-addictiveness and the quality of the intoxication produced.

Stanton found a growing trend among US troops in Vietnam toward the use of optum. This is available in liquid or powdered form. Among the departing enlisted men in his sample, only 6.3 percent reported having used optum before their arrival but 17.4 percent reported use upon leaving. However, the question has been raised as to whether these troops really know what they were using was optum. We also heard of opium being available in the form of "OJ's"-marihuana cigarettes dipped in liquid opium.

Stanton's 17.4 percentage figure for oplum use in Vietnam places that drug ahead of amphetamines, or "speed," in popularity among the troops. The incidence of amphetamine use among outgoing enlisted men was 16.2 percent, up from 12.4 percent usage before their arrival in Vietnam. Barbiturates were favored by 11.6 percent. Other drugs used were heroin, morphine and "acid" (LSD, STP), with the use of "acid" actually showing & drop in the before and after figures.

We were regularly informed that there was an increase in the availability, experimentation with, and use of heroin. There seemed to be an increase in the hospitalizations for heroin withdrawal. Heroin is available in two forms: "Red Rock" heroin from Thailand (reportedly brought to Vietnam by Thai troope) and refined heroin. Red Rock is generally 3-4 percent heroin, 3-4 percent strychnine, and 32 percent caffeine. The refined heroin is in 100- and 300-milligram capsules containing 97 percent heroin as compared to

the 5 or 6 percent heroin usually available in

the U.B.

The two most commonly used amphetamines come in liquid form. They are Maxitone Forte and Obesitol, both of French manufacture. Maxitone Forte is taken orally mixed with Coke or used intravenously. Obesitol is taken orally. The barbiturates most commonly used in Southeast Asia are Binoctal and Aminoctal, also of French manufacture.

In Germany, there is a plentiful supply of hashish, amphetamines, and barbiturates, and U.S. troops and their dependents have easy and inexpensive access to them. Hashish is by far the drug of choice and is in widespread use. It is reputedly brought in by "guest worker" nationals from growing countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, and Lebanon and by a number of criminal syndicates. We were told it is distributed by German nationals, by American military personnel and former servicemen who were discharged in Europe. "Uppers" and "downers"-amphetamine preparations, Librium, Valium and Darvon-may be purchased inexpensively over the counter, without prescription, in any German drug store.

LSD is also used in significant amounts by troops in Germany. This is either brought in from the US. or made in illicit laboratories in Germany. We had very little indication of heroin or cocaine use. Both the law enforcement personnel and the medical personnel had had very little contact with these drugs.

Regardless of location, marihuana and hashish usually is amoked In pipes or cigarette form. In Vietnam, the marihuana cigarettes are sometimes filled with Red Rock heroin and smoked. The amphetamines and barbiturates are generally taken orally but Occasionally they are injected intravenously. Heroin is generally amoked (sniffed) by beginners and injected by heavy users.

It is important to note that most of the regular or heavy users are multiple drug users. They will substitute one drug for another if availability is a problem or will use a variety of drugs to meet their emotional needs. The takers of amphetamines will use barbiturates to come down off their high. Most of the users of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD or STP also used marihuana. C. When and where drugs are being used

It is difficult to disagree with the impression of an Army psychiatrist who says that "the use of drugs and alcohol can occur anywhere at any time." However, it is our general impression that it is more likely to occur on off-duty hours whether in the United States or abroad. It is also likely to occur away from the military post.

The most crucial question on time and place of use concerns the use of drugs in combat. In Vietnam, commanders universally told the staff that, because of the personal danger involved, there was far less smoking of marihuana in combat areas than in rear support areas. The same was stated by commanders to the Department of Defense Drug Abuse Control Committee Task Force headed by Jerome A. Vacek of the Marine Corps during its visit there in the fall of 1970. We were told that there was considerable selfpolicing among the troops while in combat areas because they did not want to endanger themselves or be endangered by another who might be "high" at a critical moment. However. there is evidence to contradict this. While he did not approach the question head-on. Stanton found "a slight positive correlation between marihuana use and combat exposure." While this shows that combat experienced troops probably were those who had the greatest marihuana experience, it does not necessarily indicate that they used it while actually in combat. Postel's study, also indicates the same thing but adds that the usage came after combat "to calm down." Treanor and Skripol like

wise found apparently increased usage with feld-type duty; far greater numbers reported usage at large and small "LZ forward areas" than numbers reporting usage at "rear support areas. Reinforcing this was their further finding that an overwhelming majority of regular users (once weekly to once daily or more frequently) thought that marihuana should be permitted on fire-bases either da ing off-duty hours or whenever the individual chooses. Other individuals indiested in person to the staff that they had used marihuana in combat situations.

As noted above, the use of drugs at Pt. Bragg takes place primarily in rented "pads" away from the base and on off-duty hours. In Vietnam and Thailand, it is likely that most use takes place away from established posts because of availability of drugs and the likelihood of nondetection off post.

In the career context. Treanor and Skripol found the highest incidence of marihuana usage during the first two or three years of a soldier's military service. They also reported that apparently there is a slight increase in usage as the first tour progresses, but not with those on extensions.

As for Vietnam, Stanton found that the probability was greatest that if a man was going to start using marihuana there, he would begin in the first three months, or certainly in the first six months. Conversely. amphetamines showed the opposite trend. with more enlisted men beginning use as their tour progressed.

D. Why drugs are being used The reasons which have been presented to us as to why drugs are being used by young men in the military fall into two general categories First, there are those which lle with the individual himself. Second, there are the external factors which arise in the individual's environment. The former are related to his ability to deal with his situation and the latter are those which place burdens upon him which he must deal with. If his ability to deal with environmental stresses is inadequate, or if the burdens of stress which the environment places upon him are unusual, the individual user will take one of the drugs available to help him cope with the situation.

As mentioned earlier, the habitual drug user is likely to be young, have a low education, come from a broken home, and have psychological and emotional problems which lead him to conflict in whatever society he happens to be in. These are individuals with a low self-esteem who are unable to meet most life situations Other individual reasons presented to us are related to the att!tudes held by many of the age-group from which the typical drug user comes. These include the following: (1) youth, being "now" oriented. are Impatient and frustrated by the gradual process of social change; (2) middle-class youth reject the life goals of affluance and prestige held by their elders; (3) lower-class and minority youth are impatient and frustrated with the disparity between their goals and perceived opportunities to attain them "now," and they see the Establishment as trying to block them; (4) young people "get hung up somewhere along the developmental line" toward maturity. with a conflict developing between dependency and autonomy: (5) drugs are a means of acting-out behavior disapproved of by parents or the senior generation and thus help to concretely distinguish the "self" from Establishment norma. The latter point seems to be particularly valid in regards to the troops in Germany. There we found. to a greater degree than in Vietnam, an attitude of division between the enlisted or drafted lower rank soldiers and the "lifer" NCO's and officers. Perhaps these troops are using drugs

A means of setting themselves off from the older and higher-ranking personnel who use alcohol as their social drug.

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Other factors lie with the environment in which the young soldier finds himself. Pressures are put upon him which are difficult to cope with. Prime among these the lack of sense of value which many soldiers feel about their job. Treanor and Skripol found that job dissatisfaction seemed to correlate with marihuana use. This factor was also cited among many of the returned troops who have several months of stateside duty left before discharge. These men are given unfulfilling tasks to do while waiting out their time. This factor appeared to be particularly acute in Korea and Germany where there is little or no actual combat. Since the troop units there must be combat-ready. there is apparently much routine work aimed at preparing for inspections. A jeep driver in Germany, for example, told us that his only consistent job during the three months in advance of a unit-wide vehicle inspection was to "maintain" his own vehicle. A platoon leader said the only time the morale of his troops seemed to lift was when they were preparing to go on a tough training exercise, which was infrequently. There was widespread griping about the many "make work" jobs that troops were being given to do.

In Vietnam, stress from combat was cited as a factor. It was felt that some troops used drugs, particularly marihuana, to unwind or relax after combat. This is accentuated when the soldier moves from a stressful situation to a combat lull where only routine work la required of him.

Another important external factor is peer group pressure. There were indications that peer group pressure "to be one of the boys" was strong. The young man, placed in a new situation, seeking to establish his own identity, looks to join a group in which he will get approval and support. He may be trying to feel independent of his elders' authority and so when the group pressures him to conform by trying drugs, he finds it hard to resist. We heard reports of individuals being threatened if they did not conform to drug usage patterns but were unable to verify any of these.

We learned of several factors which tend to enhance the peer group situation We were told that the non-commissioned officers generally did not live among their troops in barracks areas. The older "lifer" non-commissioned omcer was regarded very negatively by the young soldiers. There was apparently little identification of the young soldier with the older, non-commissioned omcers. Contributing to this problem is the fact that many of the young soldiers were coming from a sub-culture in civilian life which accepts the use of drugs. They not only would want to perpetuate their life style but would resent and resist those who might prevent them from living it.

Another factor is the lack of acceptable alternatives to drug use to meet either stress or boredom. The soldier in Vietnam has little or no way of dealing with his frustration in any constructive fashion. Most towns are offlimits and those that are not are limited in what they have to offer. The primary activity when they are permitted off the post is drinking in the local bars and meeting with local women, most of whom are prostitutes. In Germany, the opportunities for meeting local girls are somewht improved for white Boldiers but an obvious problem exists for blacks who are also barred from certain German-operated "white only" discotheques. In Vietnam, recreational facilities are generally unavailable and are advocated as an alternative to drug abuse. However, it is questionable if these would be used, since in Ger many we were told that there is a general lack of troop interest in recreational activi ties available playing basketball, skiing, academic courses, even three-day expensepaid excursions.

In contrast this picture is the expertence of the Air For in Vietnam and especially in Thailand. The extent of drug use was reported to be decidedly lower among the Air Force men at the four bases we visited in Thailand. The command personne! gave evidence that both arrest and medical statistics were much lower. The reasons which they gave for this lower use might be instructive: they stated that the typical airman tends to be older than the soldier, nearly all are high school graduates with a signincant number having some college experience; they tend to identify with the milltary: they have good self-esteem; and they feel that they have something to lose if they use drugs. They also said that in Thailand, airmen were working a 12-hour-a-day, 7days-a-week schedule and were doing tasks of a higher caliber. (In Thailand much of the more menial-type tasks are performed by local natives.) The Air Force personnel are said to have a high sense of job satisfaction whether they are flying or are engaged in maintenance work: the flight crews feel more worthwhile because they are engaged in a task they feel is significant.

Other factors cited by the Air Force include a higher ratio of officers and noncommissioned omcers to enlisted personnel. This is said to give the airman a closer identification with the "Establishment." Also advanced as operative to keep Air Force usage down is the selectivity factor. It is felt by the Air Force that it gets a better grade person both in motivation and ability than does the Army. The Air Force has no draftees. The Air Force also contends that further selectivity operates within its ranks in determining the kind of man who is sent to Southeast Asia. Command in Thailand claimed that the cream of the Air Porce crop was being selected to serve in Southeast Asia because of the importance of their mission there. The Command in Thailand also attributed their reputed lower incidence rate to the easy accessibility of alcohol and local women It appeared that while the drug use rate might be low, the V.D. rate was high.

Another factor which may militate against drug abuse in some situations is the socalled "buddy" system. The Marines and Navy command personnel we spoke with in Vietnam and the Army in Thailand felt that the encouragement of close ties with another individual for the purpose of mutual support and concern helped stop drug abuse before it began. This is a positive variation of the peer-group pressure factor. In this instance a peer situation with anti-drug use values is encouraged. If one individual in the pair is suffering unusual stress or boredom, he has another individual with whom he can share his burden. This gives some relief so that crisis can be met without resort to drugs. We did not have an opportunity to look at this system directly and hence cannot give any independent evaluation. It does, however, appear to have at least theoretical value in terms of action to be taken to combat drug abuse.

III. THE IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE The staff has attempted to access the impact or effect which drug abuse to having upon the individual military man, upon the Armed Services, upon American society as a whole and upon the various relationships that exist between individuals and groups in the military. We looked for signs of breakdown which would point to remedial measures and looked for trends or directions which would suggest preventive actions which might be taken.

A. The impact on the individual The medical effects of drug abuse upon the individual in the military do not seem to vary substantially from those reported in the civilian community. Marihuana produces a range of effects which include mild

euphoria, mild time-space distortions, hallucinatory episodes and delusion ideation, Those who are turning up at medical facili ties with adverse reactions to marihuana are generally those who suffer anxiety reactions when they first use the drug. Their condition lasts for a very short period and is normally cleared up in 24-72 hours. The reaction seems to be dependent upon the state of mind of the user rather than upon the effect of the drug. It is likely to occur in an individual who has guilt feelings about the use of marihuana and is apprehensive about being arrested or caught. A very low instances of persistent conditions, psychotic states and violence were also reported. However, these seem to involve individuals with deeper, more long-standing psychological conditions of which drug abuse is merely one manifestation of the problem. Many of these situations involved persons who were using marihuana on a heavy basis every day over a considerable period of time. The number or the nature of these cases did not seem to be sufficient to justify a conclusion that marihuana causes lasting psychosis or violence in users.

An interesting phenomenon reported was the "marihuana flashback." A flashback is commonly associated only with LSD unago. Several doctors reported that they had bad patients who claimed having flashbacks after use only of marihuana. These flashbacks were described as being reoccurrences of prior experiences while under the influence of the drug. They were described as occur. ing in moments of stress as if the mind was involuntarily reaching back for a pleasant experience while under intolerable pressure of the moment. However, the subject can apparently be brought out of the flashback by someone talking to him and telling him to return to the present moment. There were no reports of deaths or permanent physical damage from the use of marihuana among military personnel. The military medical personnel also regularly reported that marihuana is non-addictive in terms of physical dependence but that users could and did become dependent upon its use in the psychological or behavioral sense. Medical officers also felt that marihuana does not in itself lead to the use of harder drugs. This is supported by the Black, Owens, and Wolf study which reported: "It should be noted that, although initial experiences with marihuana tend to lead to continued use, marihuana usage does not lead most individuals into experimentation with heroin. The belief that marihuana use is dangerous because it predisposes toward heroin is fallacious, although it is true that nearly all the heroin users in the present study had also used marihuana." Other studies also support this conclusion and indicate that while there is

no causal relationship between marihuana use and opiate use, most habitual oplate users have been heavy marihuana users first.

Another important factor which was reported to us is that the effects of hashish use in Germany do not seem to be any more severe or extreme than the effects of marihuana smoked in either the United States of in Vietnam. The medical staff of the hoptals we visited in Germany reported that the cases involving marihuans which required medical or psychological treatment were no more severe than they had seen in other locales including some in the continental UB. This was true oven though the general impression 18 that the THO content of hashish is higher than marihuana alone.

The reason for this may be in the psychological state of mind of the users and in the setting in which marihuana is used. Also important is the ability of the experienced smoker of either marihuana or bashlab to control his level of intoxication. To explain further, the effects of cannabis use seem to depend to a great degree upon the subjective state of the user. If he goes into the experi

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ence expecting and desiring a pleasant, mildly euphoric experience with no negative effects and he is doing this in a social setting with fellow users who are compatible and who destre the same kind of experience, his expectations will likely be realized. In addition, because the active ingredient is taken in through the lungs the quickest way to get it into the bloodstream, the user is able to control or "fine tune" his level of intoxication. When he feels himself getting too high he can relax for a while and not smoke any more until he starts to come down. This control by the smoker enables him to keep the intoxication within a manageable range and avoid adverse reactions Neither the military nor the Bureau of Narcotics was able to supply us with an analysis of the hashish being used in Germany. It is possible that the product bought by the consumer is so eut with adulterants that the THC content is lower than in straight marihuana.

One of the drugs with the greatest impact upon individuals, in medical terma is heroin. It ta physically addicting when taken regularly and in sufficient doses. However, we received mixed reports as to the severity of the addiction. Many doctors reported that they saw very few cases of classic withdrawal symptoma in patients who claim the use of heroin. The sniffers of Red Rock heroin were reported not to have become severely addicted This was also true of some of the injectors of refined heroin However, the heroin of 97 percent purity available in Vietnam is particularly dangerous, Inasmuch as it will likely lead to frequent occurence of overdoses and death even in experienced hands. Heroin use la also likely to lead to secondary medical complications such as serum hepatitis from unsterile needles.

The optum native to Vietnam is of such poor quality that in all but one case observed by an experienced military psychiatrist, withdrawal symptoms were mild. The exception involved an individual who had taken 2 cc intravenously four times a day and whose abstinence-withdrawal presented serious problems. Another serious result of optum use which occurs occasionally comes from mixing it with marihuana in cigarettes. This synergistic or multiple effect of the two drugs together can exceed the expectation of the user and present him with a reaction with which he cannot cope.

Deaths from heroin abuse or overdose in Vietnam are increasing. For the entire calendar year of 1969, only 16 deaths from drugs. were reported 5 from chloroquine (used to prevent malaria). 4 from barbituates, 3 from Darvon. 3 from morphine or heroin, 1 from cptum. During the nine-month period January-October 1970, however, the number of deaths had already more than doubled to 34: 2 from chloroquine. 5 from barbitustes, 3 from Darvon, and 26 from heroin-morphine. It will be seen that heroin or morphine has become the most frequently used lethal agent

One additional significant effect which drug abuse may have on an individual soldier is the role which drugs may come to play in his life. Those individuals who are unable to cope with life and turn to drugs may end up relying on drugs as the core of their Life. When this occurs the individual loses interest in other aspects of his life and devotes most of his time to the procurement of drugs and to their "enjoyment." This mod. Scation of behavior will likely lead this type of user into conflict with the military community and consequently he is likely to have to face legal or disciplinary action.

While the individual who becomes a heavy user or is psychologically or physically habituated to drug use may come to the attention of legal authorities, it is the conclusion of the stad that the illegality of marihuana use does not have a significant impact upon the great majority of marihuana smokers in the military. It clearly does not

have a deterrent effect. The illegality of marihuana use has been widely publicized within and without the military. Indeed, one of the major thrusts of military drug education is to stress the legal consequences of marihuana use. We believe that the lack of deterrent effect exists for several reasons. First is the basic attitude of young Americans toward marihuana use. Unlike many of the senior generation, many young Americans including those in the military do not regard the use of marihuana as a moral question. They do not see the user of marihuana as a "bad" or "immoral" person They believe that marihuana should be legalized and its use left up to the individual. They also do not regard the effects of marihuana as detrimental to their health or to their functioning. Many of them regard marihuana as a social drug to be used for relaxation and as superior to alcohol for this purpose because it does not leave the user with a hangOver

B. The impact upon the military

We did not find that the use of drugs has a significant direct impact upon the military mission of the Armed Services. While we were made aware of rare, isolated instances where marihuana had been used in combat situations in Vietnam, we saw no evidence that any mission or operation had been Jeopardized by drug use. Virtually every commander to whom the Subcommittee staff put the question stated unequivocally and categorically that drug use has not adversely affected military effectivenes or the military mission of his unit..

However, it is clear that drug abuse does impose an indirect but significant burden upon the entire military community and organization. There is a relationship between drug use and manifestations of social and behavioral disorganization such as AWOL. sleeping on the job, failure to appear for duty, disrespect, indebtedness, and unhealthy and unclean living habits. Of these. General John J. Tolson, the Commanding General of Fort Bragg, singled out AWOL's saying. "It is bound to cut down eventually in your strength figures." although he added that the problem at his base had not reached such proportions "that as units they are not capable of performing their job

The military community is also affected by the fact that the military drug user is often unable to pay for his habit from his normal income. While this is not often troublesome in Vietnam where all drugs are available at low prices, at continental United States bases, crime to support drug abuse is a problem. Theft of Government property. including weapons, to support habits is known to occur. Today," General Tolson observed, "you have to secure your arms. rooms and supply rooms on a scope that you never had to do before... and still, if you don't have guards actually there. thieves will break into them."

One of the most critical effects of the growth of drug abuse among the military is in the growth of a counter or sub-culture within the military centered around drug use. This affects both the individuals involved and the military community itself. Because smoking marihuana and hashish are social activities, the users tend to group together for the purpose of drug use. The illegality of drug use also tends to force the user into a particular group of his drug using peers. This is true whether the use is occasional or is on a regular basis. Part of the mystique of smoking "grass" is to gather together with others to enjoy the experience. The illegality of use, in effect, cuts off the user from legitimate sources of support and help with his problems-whether directly econected with drug use or of another nature and he "an. therefore, look only to those in his peer group for emotional support

This is aggravated because so many of the

young military men coming into the services today, do not identify with the value system of the senior generation. They tend to form peer groups for all activities rather than interact with command personnel. This is further enhanced in the military because it is organized upon a hierarchial basis. In Oermany more than in Vietnam the sense of separation between the enlisted man of lower ranks from the non-commissioned officers and the commissioned officers was apparent. In fact, in Germany we felt a great hostility between the one-tour soldier and the socalled "fer" In Vietnam this was less so, probably because of the common sense of urgency faced by both groups. However we were told in several places that young troopers had a more positive relationship with NCO's and officers of their own age. This was attributed to the fact that these individuals, while occupying positions of authority over the troops, shared many of the same values of the enlisted men, particularly in regard to the smoking of marihuana as a social activity. Some senior officers felt that some of the Junior officers right out of college share those values and hence did not take action on marihuana use among their troops.

Another manifestation of the sub-culture problem is illustrated by the example of a second lieutenant at the Wildflicken outpost in Germany. This platoon leader told a Subcommittee investigator of his fears of venturing into the barracks at night, where he might be slugged if he came upon a "pot party" (as had happened to a fellow officer.) The existence of a sub-culture also causes general disruption A squadron commander at Bad Kissingen, Germany, reported. "It's not the smoking that causes military ineffectiveness; it's the ramifications of the distribution system-the competition among pushers who fluctuate the price. put guys in debt, and cause disciplinary problems,

commit assaults and so on."

A more tangible impact upon the military caused by the increase in drug abuse is the burden which it places upon the various elements of the military society. Because of the illegality of drug abuse the primary burden is placed upon the law enforcement branches of the military. The allocation of manpower and monetary resources by the provost marshal to drug problems is significant. Por example, in Fiscal Year 1970, 27 per cent of all Army CID investigations in Europe were "drug-related." However, while the law enforcement branches have devoted a signifIcant amount of their resources to stopping drug abuse, we were universally told that their activities were limited and not sufficient to make any significant impact upon illegal drug activity. Their operations are hampered by difficulties in teaching command personnel to make legal searches and seizures, by the length of time necessary for laboratory verification of illegal drugs, and by the difficulty in establishing a legal chain of custody.

Because of the dimeulty in enforcing the law, particularly with regard to marihuana use, the law does not have any effective deterrent effect and the impression is given to the users that use is tacitly accepted by command. This leads to disrespect for the law and in effect crates a double standard. While we were not made aware of any cases, we do note that the inability to enforce the law in all cases gives rise to the possibility of selective enforcement for reasons unrelated to drug abuse.

The medical personnel in the military are under many of the same pressures as those in the law enforcement branch. There has been an increased case load upon all milltary doctors. A number of senior doctors are unprepared to deal with drug abuse because they were trained in an era when it was much less common. The activities of the military doctor include many duties other than treatment. A heavy demand is made