Standard Specifications and Tests for Portland Cement. . . . . Standard Specifications for Billet-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars. Standard Specifications for Rail-Steel Concrete Reinforcement Bars. Tentative Specifications for Cold-Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement 628 Standard Method of Test for Sieve Analysis of Aggregates for Concrete. . . . . . Tentative Method of Decantation Test for Sand and Other Fine Aggregates.. Standard Method of Test for Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete... Tentative Method of Test for Consistency of Portland-Cement Concrete.. Standard Methods of Making Compression Tests of Concrete. . . . . . Standard Methods of Making and Storing Specimens of Concrete in the Field. Standard Method of Test for Unit Weight of Aggregate for Concrete. Proportions for Concrete of Given Compressive Strength at 28 Days..... Effect of Oils and Miscellaneous Liquids on Concrete and Method of Protective PART I CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING-DESIGN 1. Economic Requirements. The PLANNING of a concrete building requires not only a knowledge of structural concrete-design, but also a thorough acquaintance with field methods, and the cost of labor and material involved in the different types of work. To obtain the most desirable arrangement, often necessitates the development of several different designs, the relative commercial value of which can only be determined by estimates of cost. The GROUNDPLAN of an industrial building of the factory or warehouse-type is usually governed by the size and shape of the available property, or by the kind of occupancy for which the building is intended. The HEIGHT is also largely dependent upon land-value and the operating-conditions, so that each case. presents a special problem. There are, however, a few general principles, the application of which results in a more economical construction. 2. Location and Type of Columns. The LOCATION OF THE COLUMNS and the resulting SIZE AND PROPORTIONS OF THE BAYS are determined by the architectural considerations, the type of occupancy for which the building is intended, and the mechanical equipment to be installed. In factories it is often undesirable to place columns on the center line of the building; and when possible the width should be divided into at least three bays in order that continuity may be assumed in the design of the floor-construction. The MOST ECONOMICAL BAY contains, with average live loads, about 400 sq ft of floor-area, and should be as nearly SQUARE as the building-dimensions permit, especially with girderless construction. The only exception to the application of this principle is in regard to the exterior bays for which the effective spans may be shortened, in the ratio of about 12 to 10, in order to avoid any increase in the thickness of the floor-slab, or the amount of reinforcement, otherwise required by the lack of continuity in the end spans of the building. It is also desirable, when architectural considerations permit, to place the exterior and interior columns on the same center lines in order to simplify the framing-plan. In institutional buildings, hotels, school-houses, and similar structures, the placing of columns is generally governed by the partition-arrangement, and this usually results in a less economical design. |