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ple the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); and 2) the application of information generated by this research to decisionmaking processes in climate-sensitive regions and sectors, such as agriculture, water management, hydropower, human health, and transportation infrastructure. FY 2000 program highlights include the following:

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Improving regional-scale modeling and the prediction of seasonal to interannual variability over North America.

Increasing understanding of the role of the Atlantic Ocean in climate changes, with an initial focus on the relationship between tropical Atlantic variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation.

Continuing the advancement of a sustained Atlantic observing system to support CLIVAR research.

Advancing the improvement of models and modeling systems for seasonal to interannual climate prediction and the ability to provide regional-scale forecasts and predicted probabilities of extreme.

Developing a comprehensive understanding of the effects of land surface forcing on climate during the full annual cycle and the effects of orography on precipitation and water supply in the western and central parts of the Missouri River Basin, and concluding several demonstration projects with water resources agencies in the eastern part of the Mississippi River Basin.

Advancing detailed studies of past climate variability on seasonal to centennial time scales using century to millennia-long paleoenvironmental proxy records in order to improve the current understanding of seasonal to interannual.

Increasing our understanding of the global transfers of CO2 between the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, thereby helping to constrain predictions of the uptake of anthropogenically-released CO2 within these reservoirs; the initial focus will be on the sinks of carbon in the North American continental region. Supporting focused data set development and research activities contributing to the IPCC Third Assessment Report and the U.S. National Climate Assessment, and providing support for World Climate Research Program and International GeosphereBiosphere Program objectives; and working with Global Climate Observing Systems and others to prevent degradation of long-term data sets.

Advancing efforts to reduce uncertainties in the understanding of direct radiative forcing by tropospheric aerosols through an integrated program focused on targeted, in-situ measurements of aerosols chemical, physical, and radiative properties, integrated with model analyses of the distributions and radiative forcing of key aerosol types.

Characterizing the “ozone-friendliness” of substitutes for ozone-depleting gases, developing methods for the detection of the recovery of the ozone layer, assessing new airborne measurement methods for key chemicals species like nitric acid (the "missing sink"?), characterizing the regional variance of tropospheric ozone and its role in the heat budget, and quantifying the absorption of radiation in clouds by lightning-produced chemical species in selected locations.

Advancing our understanding of societal vulnerability and current coping mechanisms related to climate variability on seasonal up to decadal timescales (including climate extremes and surprises), and the potential use of climate information for

The FY 1998-2000 USGCRP Budget by Agency and Program

planning purposes.

Advancing existing efforts to foster the application of forecast information in climate-sensitive regions and sectors such as agriculture, water management, energy, human health, and transportation infrastructure through 1) continuing the process of integrating basic science and human dimension program outputs into regional assessments efforts; 2) developing one or two new projects; and 3) exploring opportunities for scientific and programmatic learning within the context of these pilots.

Related Research. In addition to focused USGCRP research, related NOAA activities include advance short-term weather forecasting and warning services; marine ecosystem research; prediction and observation systems in support of weather and seasonal to interannual climate forecasts; facilitating the dissemination of global change information; and strengthening facets of environmental technology.

Mapping of Budget Request to Appropriations Legislation: In the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, NOAA activities are funded under Title II-Department of Commerce and Related Agencies, within the NOAA Operations, Research, and Facilities account. In Appropriations Committee reports, funding for NOAA's USGCRP activities is included as part of the Climate and Global Change budget within Oceanic and Atmospheric Research.

The FY 1998-2000 USGCRP Budget by Agency and Program

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Department of Defense

Areas of Global Change Research. The Department of Defense does not support dedicated global change research, but continues a history of participation in the USGCRP through sponsored research that concurrently satisfies National Security requirements and stated goals of the USGCRP. A non-inclusive summary of related Defense research that highlights collaborative opportunities with other agencies is described below.

FY 2000 Program Highlights. Defense research associated with the USGCRP keys on data collection and research to enhance seasonal to interannual prediction. Under the aegis of the Navy-led, multi-agency, National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), several data collection efforts are underway and/or planned: an Ocean Drifting Buoy Program with NSF, DOE, and NOAA partners will continue; several projects based on a FY 1999 NOPP solicitation for (1) Data Assimilation and Modeling and (2) High Resolution Ocean Measurement technology will be in place; and a NOPPsponsored report on National Ocean Observation needs will be available pursuant to a FY 1999 Congressional request.

DOD investments in new and novel sensors include the third generation Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM III) sensor system aboard the SPOT satellite, which is providing high-resolution stratospheric ozone measurements to complement data from NOAA and NASA satellite sensors (TOMS/SBUV). WINDSAT, a passive, polarimetric, radiometer designed for high-resolution measurement of ocean waves is sponsored by DOD and NOAA and scheduled for a 2002 launch. High-resolution hyperspectral space-borne sensors are scheduled for launch in the 2000-2002 timeframe.

The Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) World Wide Web site http://mel.dmso.mil provides access to a variety of environmental and geospatial data and models. The multiagency MEDEA group will continue to bridge the national security and civil community for access to classified environmental data.

In the high latitudes, reduction and analyses of data from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) project will continue to provide insights into mass and energy balances between the atmosphere, ocean, and Arctic ice pack. Data analysis from the final scheduled SCICEX cruise in CY 1999 on a specifically configured Navy nuclear submarine will include detailed studies of bathymetric, gravimetric, and oceanographic measurements under the Arctic ice canopy. Work on the Nation's only operational Arctic sea ice model, the Navy's Polar Ice Prediction System model (PIPS 3.0), will focus on developing a more robust ocean circulation module and improved ice morphology to more accurately represent the complex dynamic regime in the high Arctic. A new U.S.-Russia program, the Arctic Climate Observations using Underwater Sound (ACOUS), is an acoustic thermometry investigation along specific mode paths. ACOUS will provide near-continuous temperature profiles along transects in the Arctic oceaninformation vital for thermodynamic investigations. This unique Navy program is included in the framework of the Gore-Primakov Joint Commission on Economic and

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The FY 1998-2000 USGCRP Budget by Agency and Program

Technological Cooperation.

Navy and NSF-sponsored researchers will partner with colleagues from Korea and Japan in a Sea of Japan Physical Oceanography science program in 2000. The DOD Marine Boundary Layer research in air-sea gas transfer mechanisms is closely coordinated with related NSF and DOE carbon cycle research.

The Navy Ocean Modeling Program (NOMP) continues work on nested high-spatial-resolution, coupled air-sea-terrestrial regional models. Current versions are demonstrating 9-km resolution operating on UNIX and PC host machines.

All data and research results are routinely made available to the civil science community.

Related Research and Infrastructure. DOD-sponsored research and supporting infrastructure, not describe above, also contributes to observing, understanding, and predicting environmental processes related to global change. Associated programs include: theoretical studies and observations of solar phenomena; monitoring and modeling of unique features in the middle and upper atmosphere; terrestrial and marine environmental quality research, and energy conservation measures. DOD's continued investments in environmental infrastructure, such as the university Oceanographic Research Fleet, the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and the various services' globallyoperational oceanographic and meteorological support structures, will continue to provide data and services of benefit to USGCRP efforts.

The FY 1998-2000 USGCRP Budget by Agency and Program

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Areas of Global Change Research. Research by DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research addresses the effects of energy production and use on the global Earth system primarily through studies of climate response. It includes research in climate modeling, atmospheric chemistry and transport, atmospheric properties and processes affecting the Earth's radiant energy balance, sources and sinks of energy-related greenhouse gases (primarily CO2), consequences of atmospheric and climatic changes on vegetation and ecosystems, critical data needs for global change research and for early detection of climatic change, support of scientifically based assessments of environmental and economic consequences of climate change, and funding for education and training of scientists and researchers in global change.

FY 2000 Program Highlights. The DOE Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program utilizes the unique multidisciplinary facilities of the DOE National Laboratories and supports research and infrastructure at these Laboratories, universities, and other research institutions. With the other USGCRP agencies, a new focus in FY 2000 is the Accelerated Climate Prediction Initiative (ACPI), which will integrate the frontiers of computational science and climate science to accelerate progress in climate simulation model development and application; to substantially reduce the uncertainties in decade-to-century model-based projections of climate change; and to increase the availability and utility of climate change projections to the broader climate change research and assessment communities. Additional new resources are requested by DOE for new research to advance understanding of the global carbon cycle, particularly how natural processes control the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In support of the USGCRP, the BER program includes activities in the following four key areas:

1) Climate and Hydrology: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program focuses on the improvement of parameters for climate prediction. In FY 2000,

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The FY 1998-2000 USGCRP Budget by Agency and Program

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